An Executive Summary of Sports Leadership: The Multidimensional Theory
Sport leadership is an emerging area of research. Most of the leadership models from business management psychology field helped to shape some of the initial models that led on to popular sports leadership models such as the contingency theory (Fiedler, 1964), the discrepancy theory (Chelladurai, 1984), the path-goal theory (House, 1971), and the transformational leadership theory (Bass, 1990). After reading relevant research Chelladurai and Carron in 1978 conceptualised the multidimensional leadership model.
The multidimensional leadership has found popularity within sport psychology (Chelladurai, 2012). This is likely to be as it can be easily applied to a wide range of managers, athletes and clubs of a variety of sports.
Therefore the aim of this executive summary is to explain the fundamental components of the
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Through simple manipulation and alteration of the member and situational characteristics the leader can be seen as a transformational leader.
In order for sport psychologists to assess whether or not Chelladurai’s multidimensional model of leadership is an effective model a measurement instrument was utilised. The most popular measurement instrument for this is the leadership scale for sports (LSS). The LSS was first created by Chelladurai and Saleh in 1978 and modified in 1980. It measures 5 key parts of leadership: training and instruction, democratic behaviour, positive feedback, social support and autocratic behaviour.
The LSS has received psychometric backing and has been extensively tested (Chelladurai, 1993; Chelladurai & Riemer, 1998).
With the theory of Chelladurai’s multidimensional and the use of the LSS sports psychologists would be able to identify the areas in which managers or sport and exercise leaders are not being as effective as they could
In this model leaders “select” specific behaviors that are best for the needs of his goal. According to the author there are four behaviors in the path goal theory that a leader could follow. One is the directive leadership, where the leader informs the followers what is expected from them. Another is the supportive leadership, that is when the leader shows concern for the followers and have friendly interactions with them. Third is participative leadership, when the captain gets involved with his team to achieve the goal as a group. Finally, is the achievement leadership; occurs when the leader demand from the followers challenging goals so they perform their best. This is not useful in Lamatepec’s high school soccer team because the captain should contribute the same or even more to the team as his teammates and with this model that would not be
For many years the wining averages were used to dictate the achievements on how the two interacted. It was believed that if a team has more wins than loses that the coach and athlete combination was superb. The win – loss record has been established as a longstanding instrument measuring the success of athletic players and coaches. However, this is not really a direct correlation to the coach’s effectiveness in a particular sport, being that there are many other factors in coaching a team other than game records. The coach’s job is to enhance to the athlete physically, socially, and psychologically, winning is only considered a by-product of that job (Gillham, Burton, & Gillham, 2013). Gillham, Burton, and Gillham (2013) focused on developing a Coaching Success Questionnaire-2 to allow a means of evaluating other aspects of a coach’s interaction with their athletes as both a research and coach devel...
Sports psychology can be defined as the study and application of the attitudes and behaviors of athletes (including team athletes) that impact (either positively or negatively) performance in sports or competitive settings. The goal of sports psychology is to help athletes and teams identify unhealthy attitudes and beliefs, apply mental toughness skills and peak performance strategies to perform at optimal levels (Cohn). Sports psychology is not recognized as a traditional field of practice offered by graduate programs; although, it is a recognized field of specific study under Kinesiology and Physical Education Programs. Sports psychology was first founded in 1920 by Carl Diem in Berlin, Germany. Later on, in 1925, sport psychology was brought to the U.S by Cloman Griffith. These early psychologists aimed to observe the effects of mental state on different factors of performance such as reaction time, tension, relaxation, and awareness (Haney). In the 1960’s Griffith’s research interest in sports psychology reemerged after having faded away for a while; however, the field had a...
Lord, R. (2000). Leadership. In A. E. Kazdin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of psychology, vol. 4. (pp. 499-505). Doi:10.1037/10519-216
research in sport psychology. In R. N. Singer, H. A. Hausenblas & C. M. Janelle (Ed.),
Assessment tools can be a good start for individuals to assess their leadership characteristics and skills, such as Grossman and Valiga’s Leadership Characteristcs and Skills Assessment (Grossman and Valiga, 2013). These tools may be helpful but its accuracy is questionable. The assessment can overestimate or underestimate an individual’s skills since it is a self-subjective administered assessment that is biased towards the taker. An overconfident person may perceive their skills highly and an under confident person may have low results.
Growing up in a rough neighborhood, positive role models were not present in my everyday life. Fortunately, I created a personal understanding of what it took to be a true leader when Marcelo Neveleff became my coach. Coach Marcelo was my club soccer coach throughout my teenage years, and Marcelo demonstrated three key tenets that made me realize what it took to be a great leader. From his guidance and inspiration, I have drawn that in order to become a successful leader, I must be goal oriented through determination within myself by leading from the front. This reflects that there is a specific goal that I, as a leader, must be willing to reach that will inspire others to do the same. To become a successful leader, I must also be empathetic
According to Kotter, leadership is about coping with change and setting the direction of that change is fundamental to leadership. Setting direction is never the same as planning or long – term planning. The direction setting aspect of leadership does not produce plans; it creates visions and strategies. These describe a corporate culture in terms of what it should become over the long term and articulate a feasible way of achieving the goal (Kotter 41). In sports, we are seeing contrasts in leadership. What seems to be clear with the public is that they expect strong leadership a proactive response from those who run sports organizations. Professional sports commissioners are expected to make change and use power in ways that will have lasting
The significance of leadership style is a subject that has drawn much contentious discussions. The term “leadership” has various meanings that are relative to the educator (Stogdill, 1974). This paper defines leadership as the process through which a person, a manager in this case, manipulates the others towards the realization of a certain objective (Stogdill, 1974). Most studies in leadership have been directed towards government agencies, the military and business organizations with little attention directed towards sports. However one generally accepted conclusion is that the style of leadership used by an organization has an effect on its performance outcome. Leadership style has a direct impact both on the employees and the general success of the organization (Eisenbeiss, Knippenberg, and Boerner, 2008). It influences the effectiveness and execution of institutional strategies. Leaders are common actors, usually referred to as managers, in any institution including Golf club organizations. Leaders manipulate employees around them so as to obtain the utmost benefit from the resources of an organization. To achieve this they employ the use of various styles including autocratic, bureaucratic, democratic, charismatic, situational, transactional, and transformational leadership styles. These management styles can either impact on the employees positively or negatively. This essay therefore seeks to examine the impacts of these leadership styles on employee with reference to golf club organizations.
Captains of sports teams are given the stereotype that they are the most athletic player on the team, scoring the most goals and handling the ball best. In truth, captains have a lot of work they have to do that doesn’t even involve playing the sport. Captains are the most looked at player of the game; other players, younger kids and coaches look to them to set examples. They have to set examples in every aspect of the game; athleticism might be part of their job but it is not limited to it. The captain of any sports team must set the leadership standard for commitment, confidence, intelligence, and attitude.
The coach becomes a motivator and a facilitator of growth or athletic skills. This growth will ultimately lead to the attainment of individual and group goals. For the sports team, the coach will lead its members’ growth in developing training, providing encouragement, and monitoring their progress. The player will become more skillful in the game. More skillful players win. Sport coaches will assess their players’ overall strengths and weaknesses by placing the player in a position which accentuates their positive attributes, in an attempt to overcome any negative aspects.
Most definitions of leadership involve four elements including process – a transaction between leader and followers, context – usually a group with a common purpose, influence – affect on group, and goal attainment – direction of influence (Northouse, 2004). Dr. Bernard Bass has published over 400 articles and written and edited nine books, all concentrating on leadership. Bass has developed a set of theories of how people become leaders. His trait theory says that some personality traits may lead people naturally into leadership roles. The great events theory, on the other hand, says that a crisis or important event may cause a person to rise to the occasion and brings our extraordinary leadership qualities. Finally, the transformational leadership theory says that people can choose to become leaders and learn leadership skills (Bass & Bass, 2008).
Stroup, J. (2004). Managing leadership: toward a new and usable understanding of what leadership is and how to manage it. Lincoln, NE. iUniverse, Inc. Retrieved July 20, 2011 from http://managingleadership.com/blog/2008/09/04/great-man-theory/
For this I have developed the characteristic of being honest and true to my words, to bring the environment of just and fairness. I gave due respect to all players, so they can trust ne and start thinking for team’s benefits. Essentially, as a coach my motto in this regard was “equal rewards for equal performance.” I gave my team members full confidence to speak-up when they have any kind of issue. In this prospect some of my senior coaches also helped me in becoming a good leader and coach. They provided their complete guidance and support which helped me in a lot in achieve my goal. They also helped in developing right kind of attitude that influenced the behavior of all the athletes. As leaders are individuals who significantly affect the thoughts and behavior of others, not through coercion but rather through persuasion. So by adopting this positive attitude I became successful in resolving all the conflicts in the players. One of the biggest challenge which I had faced being a leader was to select a strong and competent captain because it is very difficult situation when a captain is not a solid player. After giving due attention and by evaluating their performance, I select a solid captain who is also a solid player. Now it’s
Athletes who perform greatly in the field are good decision makers because of skills coaching. A coach plays a great role in an athlete’s life is great including helping them reach their full potential. The coach guides athletes to achieve great results while at the same time playing the role of a life mentor. A coach is, therefore, a teacher, a mentor a confidant and psychologist hence ensuring improvement in the overall performance of an athlete. An athlete, without a coach’s skills, will not utilize their innate talent to maximum potential because what matters in sports is how appropriately one uses their talents, which is a skill gained from a