Majority of sports include movements which need the production of force over a short amount of time. Movements may entail sprinting and jumping which according to research by McBride, Triplett-McBride, Davie, & Newton (1999) can be enhanced by specific improvements in muscular power instead of general strength. 100 metre sprint is characteristically an explosive competition which combines distinct aspects where the athlete will shift through the following four phases (Gambetta et al., 1989):
1. Reaction time - the time between the firing of the gun and the beginning of muscular response to it (Schiffer, J. 2009).
2. Acceleration – this the degree of speed increase from the starting position to the reaching maximum speed (Schiffer, J. 2009).
3. The maximum-speed phase - consists of the rapid repetition of neurophysiological activity and responses (Schiffer, J. 2009).
4. The decreasing-speed (speed-endurance) phase - the part of a sprint event to which neuromuscular fatigue or either metabolic fatigue compels a sprinter to slow down (Schiffer, J. 2009).
There are different muscles that are used at certain periods in a 10m sprint. The acceleration phase engages the following group of muscles written in order of priority: quadriceps, gluteals, calf complex/achilles tendon and hamstrings (Chiu, & Barnes, 2003, Cronin, & Hansen, 2006 & Young, Benton, & John Pryor 2001).The maximum-speed phase will engage the following group of muscles written in order of priority: Hamstrings, gluteals, calf/achilles tendon, and quadriceps (Cronin, & Hansen, 2006 & Young, Benton, & John Pryor 2001).
Sprinting demands repeated muscle contractions plus Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) will require restoration from alternate fuel supplies. To start with, the...
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...ific strength qualities, greater volume loads reached and training nearer to their overtraining threshold (Haff, 2004 Stone, Stone, and Sands, 2007).
Within the periodisation training program, a number of key exercises will be adopted to the training plan which will be the squat and power clean. Literature has recommend when comparing strength-only and power-only training programs, an existing strength & power training program shows that the squat and power clean are the two best exercises to enhance lower body power thus improving performance in lower body explosive movements such as sprinting (Harris, Stone, O'bryant, Proulx, & Johnson, 2000).
The periodisation training programme will be used to enhance Mr K’s power and as a result allow him to cross length rapidly and improve increase movement velocity in a minimal time for acceleration (Bompa and Haff 2009).
Muscular endurance- As the player must continue running, their muscles will begin to tire and lactic acid will build up in their muscles. To ensure the players muscle don’t fatigue, the coach of this elite athlete has clearly targeted their muscular endurance. Shown through the multiple resistance trainings and circuit training, the athletes muscular endurance will be sure to improve.
What is Biomechanics? It is the study of forces and their effects on the living system (McGinnis, 2013). In this essay, I will be looking at the biomechanics of running. Running, as well as any other sport requires skills for which advancement is due to consistent deliberate practice and effective development. However, runners should establish a training system that actively builds their original running pattern instead of basing it on what works well for others. Understanding the biomechanics of running gives a better knowledge of their running techniques and points out areas of concerns that require improvement. Despite the fact that running is dependent on the interaction of the whole body, breaking down the running pace into single components allows us to further understand how minor changes can increase improve performance and decrease injury risk.
As we have learned through our reading, most all bodies skeletal muscles are made up of primarily three types of skeletal muscle fibers, but their proportion differs depending on what action the muscles is doing. For example, type I fibers such as muscles of the neck, back, and leg have a higher proportion. According to Quinn (2014), type I muscles are slower and more effective, they tend fire a lot slower than fast twitch fibers and they fatigue at a much slower rate. Hence, slower twitch fibers are pronounced at helping athletes run marathons and bicycle for hours. Shoulder and arm muscles are not always active but are intermittent in their use; these muscles tend to have a larger amount of tension for uses in throwing and lifting. These muscles have a combination of both type I and type II B fibers. These fast twitch fibers use anaerobic metabolism to create energy and are the "classic" fast twitch muscle fibers that excel at producing quick, powerful bursts of speed. These muscles are used in events such as 100m sprint, basketball, soccer and football. Since this muscle fiber fires at such a high rate of contraction it will fatigue much faster and will not last long before needing to rest.
By doing so, lifters following this technique can improve and train on different strength qualities all at once. This synchronized improvement is what makes CSS different from any other forms of strength training which concentrates on the development of a single athletic trait at the other’s expense.
Schnall, R. P., & Landau, L. I. (1980). Protective effects of repeated short sprints in
Wuebben, J. (2009, August). Training tactics. Joe Weider’s Muscle & Fitness., 176-184. Retrieved from Student Research Center database. (Accession No. 43203362)
Several articles describe the effects of warm-ups and stretching and whether they have a promoting or a diminishing effect on sprint performances.
The main reason for all of these factors is aging. As a person gets older the body has to work harder to maintain the same capacities that the body could do at a younger age. As individuals get older the factors that affect performance continue to decline in a curvilinear fashion until the athlete reaches 60-70, and at that point the factors begin to decline exponentially. One of the biggest components of aging is that an athlete’s muscles begin to become more fatigued and damaged more when performing in an exercise session. Muscular fatigue is a very strong indicator of how the body can function and maintain hemostasis under the stress of exercise. As a person gets older these seems to be three different components that cause this increase in muscle fatigue and damage. These three are that older individuals are far more susceptible to muscle damage because the age of their muscles, older individuals have a poorer regeneration of the muscle fibers that are torn during exercise, and older individuals have and incomplete functional recovery of skeletal muscles causing them to be sorer for longer periods of time. One of the ways that these factors were tested was having older individuals perform a max voluntary contraction (MVC) before and after a long distance activity (55km trail run), and comparing them to younger athletes. (Brisswalter) This would allow researchers to see if the master athletes are fatiguing faster that the younger ones. After the research was done it was found that both before and after the run that the master athletes could not hold their MVC as long as younger athletes could. This is a prime example of how aging can effect the intensity and performance of master athletes compared to younger athletes in the same competitions. This research can be seen on the
The world of sports and athletics has become inundated with ways to get fit, trim fat and build muscle. The truth be told there are no quick fixes or workout plans that work the exact same for everyone. Many factors play into the effectiveness of a successful workout program. There are just as many techniques of working out as there are factors to success. Finding which workout technics work for each athlete or client can be the difference between mediocre progress and phenomenal progress. A few of the workout technics that stand out amongst the pack are Forced Repetitions, Periodization (cycling), Pyramid System and last but certainly not lest Super Sets. The afore mentioned techniques span beyond the basic iron pumping mentality of weight training and narrows the scope of training down to a more scientific application. For the purpose of this research a more in-depth look will be taken into each technique and then further identify any similarities and or contrasts.
· Speed - the ability to perform a movement in a short period of time.
Dunn, George et al. National Strength and Conditioning Association. National Strength and Conditioning Association Journal. 7. 27-29. 1985.
The core is a vital component in proper function of the kinetic chain. Athletic performance is most often produced by the kinetic chain to reach a desired athletic task (Kibler, B., Press, J., & Sciasca, A, 2006). The core is important for providing local strength and balance. Since the core is central to almost all the kinetic chain controlling balance and range of motion will maximize all kinetic chains of upper and lower extremity function. Therefore, this literature review will concentrate on: the structure of the core, upper extremity power, and lower extremity power. This review offers support for research examining the effect of core strength on upper extremity and lower extremity power.
Periodization, training in cycles of gradually increasing intensity, began with the work of Soviet sports scientist Dmitri Matveyev in the early 1960s. Elite athletes, Olympic weightlifters, swimmers, and track and field performers have used it all over the world to an ever-increasing degree since that time. American Olympic lifters and power lifters have been using periodization for a long time for example Frank Zane (Ripper 3, Fleck, Steven 34). Periodization provides a method by which the plateau can be avoided. One of the problems with most training programs is that it is the same day in and day out. Intensity, rep range, etc tend to be varying constant. However, the body is extremely adaptable and will eventually stop responding to a certain exercise scheme regardless of the intensity. Periodization provides a method of training that over rides the bodies mechanism by keeping them it plateauing.
This workout will assist with people’s everyday life by augmenting muscular endurance. An elevated muscular endurance will be less prone to muscle strains and tears because of the resistance they have developed, extended workout times, and a better stamina from the repetitions of lifting weights (“Benefits of Muscular Endurance”). Everyday life will be eased as it is easier to lift heavy items; the exercise overloads your muscles which challenges them so that they must adapt and therefore get stronger to meet the challenge of lifting those more hefty items. "To make a muscle grow, you must force it to go beyond its capabilities. The most potent way to apply that force is to train to failure. Training to failure means...the muscles are forced to grow stronger and bigger," says Nasser El Sonbaty who has body built for many years. With this easier way of doing things, people can get daily chores and activities done more quickly and efficiently which will also decrease stress levels tha...
In order to fully understand the impact and effect of overtraining, defining and establishing the difference of what overtraining is from other conditions, such as overreaching, is necessary. Overtraining is defined as the accumulation of both training and non-training stresses producing a long-term effect on the athlete’s performance capacity, with or without physical and psychological overtraining signs and symptoms in which recovery of the performance capacity will take weeks to months (Halson, 2004 p. 969). Overreaching, however, is defined by the accumulation of training and non-training stresses with a short-term effect on the a...