Soil salinity
Introduction
There are many sever aboitic stresses threatening our environment and affecting humans in many ways. One of these major a biotic stresses that is a major problem in many areas of the world and also Australia is the soil salinity. Soil salinity is defined as the content of soluble salt in the water or soil in arid areas. Such areas have inadequate rainfall or drainage to remove the salt from the soil so that the plants don’t get affected. There are two major types of soil salinity. The primary and the secondary soil salinity, the primary salinity is that the earth or soil was saline already before the human settlement. Thus it’s geological; however the secondary soil salinity has been caused by human agricultural activities, by bringing the water table close to the surface which affected the soil. Thus secondary dry-land salinity is the result of agriculture activities. Most of the time it has been so complicated to determine that a particular saline area or site, symbolizes secondary or primary salinity. This is because the primary salinity has expanded due to human agriculture activities. This resulted in huge problem thus in the past decades scientists have tried many techniques to reduce soil salinity such as developing salinity tolerant plants.
Cause of soil salinity
Primary salinity is the production of natural processes such as wind blow, weathering of rocks and rain depositing salt over thousands of years. (Australian Government, Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communication (NOV 2012). According to many studies, in Australia salt has been naturally distributed unevenly throughout the country before the European settlements and its patterns or its impacts v...
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...linity-induced loss and damage to farming households in coastal Bangladesh”
4- Hu Shujun , Shen Yanjun, Chen Uiulong, Gan Yongde, Wang Xinfan (DEC 2013) “effects of saline water drip irrigation on soil salinity and cotton growth in an Oasis Field”. Pp 1021-1030,6 DIO: 10.1002/eco.1336
5- Inge S. Møller,Matthew Gilliham, Deepa Jha,Gwenda M. Mayo,Stuart J. Roy,b,Juliet C. Coates,a, Jim Haseloff, and Mark Testerb (2009),the plant cell, Vol. 21, pp: 2163–2178
6- Juan Herrero, Wayne H. Hudnall (2014) “Measurement of soil salinity using electromagnetic induction in a paddy with a densic pan and shallow water table” pp: 263–274 DOI, 12, DIO: 10.1007/s10333-013-0371-5- 5- -
7- Moosa Mahmood Sedibe, Zenzile Peter Khetsha, Ntsoaki Malebo (2013) “Salinity Effects on External and Internal Morphology of Rose Geranium (Pelargonium graveolensL.) Leaf” ISSN:1097-8135
The problem of water shortage is one of the major limiting factors in food production and agriculture development in the arid and semi arid regions. Reclaimed water is one of the most significant available water resources that shall be consumed in agriculture and urban landscape maintenance. In order to investigate the impact of water quality and its application method on olive trees this experiment was carried out during 2010-2012 in the semiarid central part of Iran on young olive trees. The trees were irrigated by a new subsurface-leaky irrigation (SLI) system and surface irrigation in line with irrigation with recycle and clean water for 24 months. The results revealed that SLI system could enhance trees growth, leaf area, Fv/Fm and photosynthesis by68, 26, 4 and 42% respectively, although it decreased leaves soluble sugars (47%). In addition, irrigating trees by SLI system using reclaimed water could increase N and Mg uptake 138 and 8% respectively. Plants irrigated with RW showed improved growth (42%) leaf area26% and photosynthesis 23.4% compared with CL water. Furthermore Mg, Na, K, P and N surprisingly increase 12, 59, 30, 7, and 92 % respectively in leaf tissue in application recycle water. In overall, this experiment showed that recycled water could be a favorable resource for olive trees irrigation and SLI irrigation system was more efficient in irrigation in this research.
Estañ, M. T., Martinez-Rodriguez, M. M., Perez-Alfocea, F., Flowers, T. J., & Bolarin, M. C. (2005). Grafting raises the salt tolerance of tomato through limiting the transport of sodium and chloride to the shoot. Journal of experimental botany, 56(412), 703-712.
For some people irrigation systems may not sound interesting or useful, however; they play a huge role in keeping produce alive and well-watered. Be...
Ritter, W.F., A.E.M. Chirnside; R.W. Scarborough, Member, ASCE; "Soil nitrate profiles under irrigation on coastal plain soils." Journal of irrigation and drainage engineering, vol. 116 (6), 1991, p.738-751.
As seen in the experiment, salt has devastating results on plants. So, over multiple applications over years not only would the plants which are already living be slowly poisoned and killed. Furthermore, over years the salt would become deposited in the soil and make it nearly impossible for new plants to be grown. Taking another step forward, with a large amount of salt in the ground many animals and creatures would be unable to survive. Furthermore, even without this leap, without plants growing there would be no producers to help maintain an ecosystem. Therefore, with continued application of road salt during the winter, people would be killing the ecosystem around
Salinity is the total concentration of dissolved inorganic solids in a body of water. It measures the total amount of salts in water. Salinity is measured by a salinometer; this is done by determinin...
Eventually, the salinity will be affecting both soils, as sand will lose its capacity to hold water, in contrast with Clay that will absorb more
Salt is known for drawing water out of cells through osmosis. This gives it wide varying effects when introduced to certain subjects in certain conditions. For example, when salt is introduced to plants, it can kill them or affect their growth and wellbeing. Salinity draws water from the plants, leaving them dehydrated. They are then at the mercy of their environment to give them more water. Coping with salinity also depends on the type of plant. For example, crops tend to do badly with high levels of
The goal of this experiment was to: create a dilute NaCl solution and calculate molarity, molality, and parts per million, experimentally determine the molarity of the same dilute NaCl solution through Mohr chloride precipitation technique, then, evaluate the accuracy by comparing the actual value to the experimental one. The actual molarity was calculated using the average density of three trials, mass of NaCl in solution, and molarity formula to be 0.0140 mol/L, the molality was calculated to be 0.0143, and the PPM was calculated to be 833. The experimental value for molarity, obtained through titration using AgNO3 as a titrant with Ag2CrO4 as an indicator, was averaged over three trials to be .01523 mol/L. Comparing experimental and actual values gave an estimated standard deviation of 0.00032 M with a confidence interval of +0.00079 at 95% and +0.0018 at 99%. The percent error for molarity was 8.8%. The experimentally determined molarity was functionally close to the actual molarity, however, some significant error in accuracy was observed. The amount of precision achieved with reasonable accuracy suggests this experiment could be used in testing salinity of separate bodies of water for comparison. The high % error inaccuracy, however, also suggests this should not be used in comparing minute changes in salinity in a single body of water.
This experiment was used to see the effect of salt water on the algae in the freshwater tables. The effect of salt water on algae will make the algae decrease in number. The algae were used as an indicator organism to give an idea of pollution concentrations. (Colgan, 33) Salt water can cause many problems if the salt water should enter the freshwater ways. This salt water can contaminate the aquifers and drinking waters of the world. This idea is backed up in Spatafora’s saltwater intrusion paper “When this occurs, it will move the saltwater freshwater interface inland, resulting in a higher saline concentration in the aquifers' water, rendering it useless for human consumption, unless it is treated.”(Spatafora, 2008) Not only can the saltwater effect the drinking water this water can also not be used for irrigation as seen in F. Lugoli’s article about the contamination of southeastern Salento’s groundwater “The results indicated widespread pollution from salt and microbial contamination. Contamination from faecal microorganisms posed a significant risk of human infection in 100% of samples. Furthermore, the water was unsuitable even for irrigation in a high percentage of cases (31.8%), which is of considerable significance given that agriculture is one of the most important economic activities in the area under study.”(Lugoli, 2010) The salt water can also kill the plants, algae, and ultimately the animals that use that water for water and food. The rising amounts of saltwater can cause plants to die as seen in Winn’s Saltwater Intrusion and Morphological Change at the Mouth of the East Alligator River, Northern Territory article “Significant morphological change has occurred since 1950, with the tidal creek extending 4 km inlan...
With all of the data that I have you can clearly see that as you go out further out from the Great Salt Lake the salt levels decreased due to the different sediments in the samples as you get further along. The Great Salt Lake is one of the saltiest lakes because the lower the lake level, the saltier the lake gets. The Great Salt is getting lower and lower each year which is causing more salt in it because there isn’t enough water for the salt to dissolve. There are strengths and weakness of this experiment. One of the strengths of this experiment is that it is a great environment idea that help with the future of the Great Salt Lake. But a weakness of this experiment is that there could have been more data involved. Maybe time someone could get water samples as well, or they could try multiple locations of the Great Salt Lake rather than just one location like I did. An methodological issue could have been by filtering the samples a different
“The sandy beach is a harsh, constantly changing environment,” explained by the UKMCS (2). This is the ocean is constantly moving because of the wind in the earth’s atmosphere (Crawford 4). Along the edge of most coastlines, a commonly found zone is an estuary (Marine Conservation Society (UK) SouthEast 1). This is where brackish waters, an area where freshwater is released and mixed with the ocean’s salt water, is created (1). However, even though there are small amounts of freshwater added, this does not change that the salinity of the ocean is remarkably high.
12. B. Hanson and D. May, “Effect of subsurface drip irrigation on processing tomato yield, water table depth, soil salinity, and profitability”, Agricultural Water Management, Vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 1-17, July, 2004.
Agriculture also leads to soil erosion, both through rainfall and wind. This soil can damage the aquatic ecosystems it ends up in, an...
Urbanization: Soil is considered as water reservoir. Urbanization acts in creating amount of impermeable surface due to construction of buildings, roads, drainage, sewage, flood relief channel etc. It reduces the amount of infiltration and percolation. Water tends to experiment the runoff process rather than infiltration. This contributes to increase in