Both victims and offenders of crimes of violence tend to be of a younger demographic, and incidents tend to be concentrated in poor neighbourhoods. Therefore, it is important to determine the process through which adolescents come to participate in violent behaviour and the conditions particular to disadvantaged neighbourhoods that foster adolescents’ propensity for violent behaviour. Sutherland’s theory of differential association is particularly useful for explaining the process involved in engaging in deviant behaviour, and it is helpful in explaining why disadvantaged neighbourhoods have the conditions that encourage deviant behaviour. Therefore, by applying socialization theory to crimes of interpersonal violence, this paper will argue …show more content…
Violent crimes include criminal homicide, aggravated assault, and forcible rape (Clinard and Meier 2015). One form of violent crime is criminal homicide, which refers to killing someone unlawfully (Clinard and Meier 2015). When someone accidentally kills someone, it is referred to as manslaughter (Clinard and Meier 2015). Aggravated assault refers to physical force used to intentionally inflict harm. Another form of violent crime, is forcible rape. Forcible rape “results when one person unlawfully compels another to engage in sexual intercourse against that victim’s will” (Clinard and Meier 2015:137). The conceptualization of violent crimes were based in English common law. The perception of forcible rape has changed over time. From 1892 until 1983, it was not legally possible for a man to be raped, and it was legal for a husband to rape his wife. In 1983, the law changed to make it legally possible for men to be the victims of rape and for rape to be applicable to married couples. Both victims and perpetrators of crimes of violence are overrepresented in the lower class (Clinard and Meier
Imagine being able to get your hands on a gun in your community with ease when you were younger. Sounds cool right? Well, to some it might and that’s how young children are living in our communities now-a-days. Kids are able to get guns as long as they have parents with guns or the money to buy one. There aren’t enough restrictions on guns & who can get a hold of them on the streets and parents aren’t doing a well enough job of hiding their guns from their children. Something needs to be done. Too many children and young adults are being injured and murdered by something that is supposed to protect them. The ease in which youths are able to possess guns needs to be stopped. The harder it is for kids to get guns, the safer they’ll be.
Society offers different factors, like peer pressure or poor grades, which steer an individual to commit a crime (Einstadter, Werner and Stuart 2006). Indeed, there is an abundant relation between childhood experience of violence and unruly behavior and their adulthood behavior. This is a product of a social progress, where children become victims or eyewitnesses of certain criminal acts. Through social progress, some traits, which were not learned before, are recognized and slowly displayed, especially among children. For instance, children brought up in violence, either by being victims or eye witnesses of criminal acts, will display such behavior in their adulthood (Woolf, 2006). Therefore, people will commit different crimes depending in the environment in which they were
Differential association theory best explains the burglary deviance. There are many principles associated with this type of learning theory. Edwin Sutherland’s theory discusses how crime is a learned behavior where one’s family, peers, and environment are of great influence. Differential association theory seeks to prove that criminal behavior is learned and this paper will evaluate the connection between the two.
Theoretical perspectives in the study of human behavior can easily be applied to cases in social work practice. The mental health field in particular lends itself to the application of different human behavior theories. Specifically, depression can be viewed through the lens of Social Cognitive Theory, or Social Cognitive Learning. There is one case of a woman with depression, whose name will be changed, that social cognitive theory can be applied to. Cheryl is a 58 year old woman who has been diagnosed with Major depressive disorder. She has had this diagnosis since she was 17 years old. Many of her symptoms and experiences can be viewed or explained in terms of social cognitive theory.
Bobbie Harro states in “The cycle of socialization” (2000), “No one brings us a survey, in the womb, inquiring which gender, class, religion, sexual orientation, cultural group, ability status, or age we might want to be born. These identities are ascribed to us at birth through no effort or decision or choice of our own” (p.16). I was born into a system, just like everyone else, where I was judged and labeled due to the social categories that I identify with. What I have experienced throughout my schooling has shaped and molded my sense of self and the way that I view myself in terms of my gender and race/ethnicity. I live in a world where I have been both praised and ridiculed for these differing characteristics that seem to define me, but
Criminals are not born; they are created or molded into individuals who participate in criminal behaviors. There are several factors that influence deviance beginning with social structures, generational values and attitudes and social bonding. The concepts of all five theories briefly clarify why criminals partake in deviant activities; however, I believe three learning theories - Social Disorganization, Differential Association and Hirschi’s Social Bonding - best explain how social structures and interactions correlate with the cultivation of criminals.
Conclusively, sociological attention on the study of deviance has provided various explanations of crime, such as social learning theory, which provide a strong theoretical framework through empirical research and ongoing anecdotal evidence in arguing that criminal behaviour is learned behaviour (Brezina and Piquero, 2002). While statistical analyses of adolescent offending in 2013 appears to further support this notion (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2013; Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2013; NSW Recorded Crime Statistics, 2013; Western Australia Police, 2014; Victoria Police, 2013), it would be a correlative-based fallacy (Richardson, 2012) to assume all deviant behaviour is rooted solely in social learning and modelling in favour of examining all behavioural determinants and risk factors (Winfree, Bäckström and Mays, 1994).
The chant “Girls go to college to get more knowledge; boys go to Jupiter to get more stupider” is commonly recited on the elementary school playground. This sexist chant may seem silly, but elementary aged children are socialized to recognize and accept these roles in Western society. Children receive this socialization through their parents, peers, school, and the media. According to Wheiten et al., gender stereotypes are defined as, “widely shared beliefs about males’ and females’ abilities, personality traits, and social behavior” (Wheiten et al. 227). Girls are stereotypically known to be nurturing, caring, and artistic while boys are generally associated with aggression, assertiveness, and athleticism. Girls are typically given dolls,
Many studies have shown that adolescents residing in low income or high crime neighborhoods are more likely to get involved with deviant behavior or committing criminal acts. (Deutsch, 2012) There are several neighborhood factors that affect the crime rates of the neighborhood such as overcrowding, low economic status, the neighborhood’s reputation and its residential instability. These may create a disorganized community, leading to distrust and cynicism among residents in the community. As a result, there would be a higher rate of opportunities for crimes and delinquency. (Kurlychek, 2011) Thus high rates of crimes and violence are more likely to occur at these areas.
Many theories have been thought of over the years to attempt to explain why people behave the way they do. Many questions were brought up when thinking about that and the social learning theory is a popular theory in explaining this. Nobody really thought of the social learning theory too much until Albert Bandura wrote his idea of it. He actually wrote a book called “Social Learning Theory.” In this book, he states that behavior is learned from the environment through the process of observational learning(Saul McLeod).
The central concepts following social psychology is that which dares to explain what makes people do what they do. Social psychology is the scientific analysis of how someone influences another’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior. Though considered to be a fairly young science, social psychology has endeavored to examine particular theories, concepts, and phenomenon that has shaped our society. As the centuries roll on, technology alongside social media, has evolved into something more sophisticated and has developed into a mechanism in which to entice and challenge social norms.
According to Pascale, socialization is essential to the integration of new members into an organization (P 27). However, it is up to the organization to create an environment that offers both new and established members order and consistency through explicit procedures and implicit social controls (P 34). Furthermore, by providing organizational members with continuity and clarity, the firm is able to establish a strong cohesive culture that empowers its employees so that they may develop the social currency they need to implement change and execute tasks efficiently (P 35). It is this strong cohesive culture that has sustained some organizations over numerous generations (P 29); and it is this culture that Pascale’s seven step model of socialization is intended to cultivate (P 34).
There are many factors that influence youth violence and as well, various effects that it may have on the surrounding world. Homes containing absent parents, a low income, and substance abuse, have negative effects on the children, making them become more at risk for violent behaviour (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). Children raised in these types of families tend to relay the same behaviour on to their future families and children since the family is the first primary method of socialization (Voisin, 2007, pg 53). A child is at risk for violence if they have been a victim or an observer of violence in their past. Youth violence may also develop if the child has a mental disability, a low intelligence level or is extremely introverted (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). Peers and the community also ...
High crime rates are an ongoing issue through the United States, however the motivation and the cause of crime has yet to be entirely identified. Ronald Akers would say that criminality is a behavior that is learned based on what an individual sees and observes others doing. When an individual commits a crime, he or she is acting on impulse based on actions that they have seen others engage in. Initially during childhood, individuals learn actions and behavior by watching and listening to others, and out of impulse they mimic the behavior that is observed. Theorist Ronald Akers extended Sutherland’s differential association theory with a modern viewpoint known as the social learning theory. The social learning theory states that individuals commit crime through their association with or exposure to others. According to Akers, people learn how to be offenders based on their observations around them and their association with peers. Theorist Akers states that for one, “people can become involved in crime through imitation—that is by modeling criminal conduct. Second, and most significant, Akers contended that definition and imitation are most instrumental in determining initial forays into crime” (Lilly, Cullen, and Ball 2011:57). Although Akers’ theory has been linked to juvenile delinquency in the past, it has also been tested as a possible cause of crime overall. Individuals learn from observation that criminal behavior is justifiable in certain circumstances. In connection with juvenile delinquency and crime, peers and intimate groups have the most effect on individuals when associated with criminal behavior. One is more likely to mimic the behavior of someone who they have close ties with, whether the behavior is justifiable or...
Nowadays, many people both young and old tend to engage in health compromising behaviors. Some of which include: alcohol abuse, drug abuse, smoking, and the specific topic interest condom use, or maybe in this case condom non-use. From these particular behaviors a question poses: Why do people engage in health compromising behaviors? There are in fact many theories or processes that can give explanations to this particular question. One theory that can be related to this specific question is the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT).