Referring back to this case study, Ann suffers from social exclusion, which initially leads to discrimination; social exclusion is defined as the networks between social stratification and other dissections such as gender, age, sexuality and ethnicity are complex. Social inequalities are interpreted and focus on genderism, ageism, racism and sexism. Each exclusion and discriminative behavior from society can reduce life chances and promotes poor practices with relation to access of social as well as health and social care opportunities (Scott, 2006:pp27). The Social Exclusion Unit agrees that social exclusion is a consequence when a combination of linked issues i.e. unemployment, low income and poor housing (Cabinet Office, 2004:pp2: DSS, 1999, They then go on to comment that disengagement in inevitable to aging individuals and is a natural process to give up work and is seen as a mutual withdrawal from both the individual and society. Bromley then agrees by citing that the disengagement theory looks at how the individuals decline in body and mind, which reduces their need in society (Powell, 2000:pp2). Unfortunately, older people are found to suffer from ageism (age related discrimination) as the older a person gets they are at a higher risk of being refused simple treatments or surgery that could prevent them from disengaging from society. According to the Royal College of Surgeons doctors and surgeons have a ‘duty of care’ therefore treatment should not be solely based on age but their current health conditions and on the basis of it being beneficial to the patient especially since the population is living longer (London Evening Standard, 2012: Rawlinson, 2014). Whilst Ann is suffering from social exclusion, in her current state she is categorised into the disengagement theory and by few multi-agencies is an individual who is preparing herself for inevitable death, which in contemporary society rules against the person-centered approach which currently leads healthcare across the It is essential that Ann is referred to specific professionals from her General Practitioners (GP) to enable her to overcome these impairments to be able to live an independent live as suggested in the medical model (Cunningham and Cunningham, 2008:pp67). Firstly, the GP would refer Ann to see an Ophthalmologist; this is a physician who specialises in the medical and surgical care of the eyes and visuals as well as focusing on preventing disease in the eye and injuries. Depending on the findings from the Ophthalmologist she may need care from either the Ophthalmologist or the Optometrists. An Optometrist focuses on visual care and treats sight impairments with spectacles, contact lenses and eye exercises (Djo.harvard.edu, 2002). The suited practitioner would treat Ann and see if her sight impairment is severe enough to be registered as a blind individual (Rnib.org.uk, 2015). Ann would receive support and assistance from the Royal National Institute of Blind People (a registered charity) who would offer her emotional support if needed to help cope with her sight impairments along with reading choices whether this be in audio, braille, or large print. However, this support depends on the severity of her impairment and if it would promote further
1. Define majority group. Describe specifically how the three victims and their communities represent a minority.
Privilege is a type of right or advantage available to a particular group of people over others. Privilege can be earned and given. For example, white people have the privilege of not having others judge them negatively because of their skin tone. I personally do not believe it is absolutely necessary to have privileged allies standing up for others without privilege.
There are two theories of ageing. The disengagement theory is when the elderly unfortunately start to give up with activities or social life. They become withdrawn from society. This is when you disengage from any way of contact or interaction. The reason for disengagement theory may be because physical functions deteriorate. There are three phases of disengagement theory. These are shrinkage of life space is when you are not working or have no contact with friends and family. You don’t get to meet new people. You decide not to take up any hobbies or activities. The second phase is increased individuality. This is when you become independent and what others do does not matter to you. The third phase is acceptance. You start to accept things the way they are. You accept that it is the last stage of life and don’t try to fight it.
Discrimination, in one form or another, goes on everyday in the world around us. Discrimination affects all of us whether we are aware of it or not. Discrimination is defined as “unjustified differential treatment, especially on the basis of characteristics such as race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, or religion” (MacKinnon). According to Eugene Lee of California Labor and Employment Law “racial discrimination and racial harassment” are the most popular complaint when it come to discrimination in the United States.
The Equality Act of 2010 was put into place to protect people who had not only an impairment or disability but also those who had protected characteristics (Brown, 2014 Cited by Hodkinson, 2014). There are four kinds of unlawful behaviour in the Equality Act and these are; direct discrimination, indirect discrimination, harassment, and victimisation (Hodkinson, 2016). Brown (2014) believes that this act is based upon the medical model as it focuses on the individual’s ability to do the ‘normal’ day to day activities (Hodkinson, 2016).
Over the last 10 years or so, the way of looking at the concepts like poverty and social exclusion has changed by a million miles. More and more people are drawn towards the idea of thinking about such things in a more detailed manner so as to gain a deeper understanding of it. For that is the only way, we can actually move towards truly dealing with them, instead of being the bird that puts its most sincere efforts in trying to catch the horizon which always moves away from it. The reason behind this shift in people’s mentalities is the broad acknowledgment that poverty is about more than just low incomes. What lies at the heart of how most people understand ‘poverty’ are their observations of instances of lower than reasonably required consumption and inadequate living standards. Aspects of poor health, a shortened lifespan, limited access to education, knowledge and information, and powerlessness in various domains are also associations that this term has conjured up.
This oppression and discrimination is experienced through several forms of oppression including violence, racism classism and sexism not only at a personal level but also at the structural level. This high risk population is vulnerable for internalizing the oppression as an accepted norm. Mullaly believes that “people may be given certain rights but still be unable to exercise their rights due to particular social constraints based on class, gender, race and ethnicity.”
Ageism is defined as having an attitude that discriminates, separates, stigmatizes, or otherwise disadvantages older adults on the basis of chronologic age (Ageism, 2009). This is an act of singling out a certain population and choosing to providing unequal opportunities and treatment just because of a person’s age. In our situation, “Seniors admitted to acute hospitals are more likely to have multiple chronic diseases, as well as impaired cognition and higher levels of dependency (including mobility) than younger adults. Acute hospitals frequently present a “hostile environment” that leads to functional decline in the frail elderly and a “cascade of dependency” that results in approximately one-third of older patients losing independent functioning in one or more activities of daily living. This decline is not related to acute illnesses but to the adverse effects of modern therapy and current hospital practices, which are designed for younger people.” (Huang, Larente, Morais,
Social exclusion is a contested term with multiple definitions, it is complex, multifaceted and has a variety of dimensions. Social exclusion is ‘the dynamic process of being shut out, fully or partially, from any of the social, economic, political and cultural systems which determine the social integration of a person in a society’ (Walker and Walker 1997:8). There’s no one universal definition of social exclusion, however lack of participation in any dimension of society is at its core. Therefore, social exclusion is subjective and leads to a lack of agency, which results to the feeling of alienation and isolation from society. Hence, ‘social exclusion is a complex and multi-dimensional process… it affects both the quality of life of individuals
Institutionalised racism exists under a more subversive manner, hidden in the shadows, yet still has the ability to prevent attempts to mend these health disparities. Consideration must be given to the factors that induce such health disparities, such as socio economic levels of disparity and employment status. However, the dynamic complexity associated with racism alongside ill health must be noted, were poor mental and physical health might be a pre-determinant for being a factor responsible for keeping one out of a vocation and poverty. Larson and her colleagues argue that lessening the socioeconomic inequality would reduce, but not curtail these health inequalities (2007, p327). The difficulty presented to this, is that racism is firmly entrenched within some structural frameworks of society, with the ability to extinguish any progressive movements towards these health issues, but instead reinforcing negative ideologies towards Indigenous
...on, race, and political belief, economic or social condition. Improving the poor health of disadvantaged individuals and reducing health gaps is important but not enough to level up health through socioeconomic groups. The objective of tackling health inequalities can be changed to local needs and priorities of a community allowing wide-ranging partnerships of support to be organised. However it needs to be made clear that what can be done to help improve the life chances and health prospects of individuals living in poverty may not come close to bringing their health prospects closer to the average of the rest of the population or prevent the gap living on throughout the generations. Being clear about what is trying to be overcome and achieved needs upmost importance in the development and delivery of policies that will promote health equality across the population.
Segregation is a process of separating a group of people either in the basis of class, race, religion, ethnicity or any other group from the society. The separation is often forceful. Societies will always have difference when it comes to political decisions, status of the economy and the origins in terms of race ("A History of Segregation in the United States History Essay", 2015). This study reviews the background information to racial residential segregation in the United States of America and the possible solutions to this. Racial residential segregation is usually as a result of self-segregation by blacks, moves by households that are white from neighborhoods
Houston, D.M. (2007) ‘Women's social exclusion.’ In Abrams, D., Christian, J.N. and Gordon, D. (ed.) The Multidisciplinary Handbook of Social Exclusion Research. Wiley: Chichester, pp. 17-28.
There are commonly believed to be four major races on Earth, but over the course of history, one race almost always holds power and privilege. Race is a completely socio-historical concept that society has created based on the way that people look, meaning that the power and privilege is based on merely perceived differences. Since the “discovery” of America, racism has been a prevalent part of society. Whether it be the slaughter of the native people, the enslavement of Africans, the resistance toward the civil rights movement, or even the ongoing issues of police brutality, it is undeniable that Americans have used power and privilege to oppress other groups, most often racially. Individual, institutional, and societal oppression are the
Social welfare began in 1500-1600 when England commenced an investigation into assisting the impoverished or who they thought fit the class. Their attempts lead to what is now recorded as the “Elizabethan Poor Law of 1598”. The back-and-forth of new social services, reduction of the labor force, breakdown of the outdated system, and the move toward industrialization were the beginning of the Elizabethan government’s role in providing social welfare benefits. These contributions paved the way Roosevelt’s “New Deal” and Johnson’s “Great Society” to implement policies like: The Social Security Act, Unemployment Compensation and Aid to Families with Dependent Children. Johnson’s contributed with the Civil Rights Act, Economic Opportunity Act,