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Literature review of treatment of social anxiety
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Social anxiety is a prevalent and common disorder amongst society. Social anxiety disorder is expressed as a fear in public and social situations for an individual (Kashdan, Farmer, Adams, Mcknight, Ferssizidis, Nezelf 2013). A person with social anxiety fears that a social appearance, outcome, or situation will lead a to negative response to their surrounding audience (Kashdan, Farmer, Adams, Mcknight, Ferssizidis, Nezelf 2013). However there are numerous treatments for social anxiety. Cognitive behavioral therapy is one of the most efficacious treatments that a patient may receive (Hambrick, Weeks, Harb, & Heimberg, 2003. Cognitive behavioral therapy has numerous techniques that can be used on patients. The result of using cognitive behavioral therapy on patients shows that it has long-term and short-term effectiveness (Hambrick, Weeks, Harb, & Heimberg, 2003. In conclusion a patient with social anxiety disorder should have the opportunity to try cognitive behavioral therapy. Keywords: social anxiety, social phobia, cognitive behavioral therapy, CBT Social Anxiety and Cognitive Behavioral Treatments Social anxiety is a predominant disorder amongst numerous individuals (Moscovitch, Gavric, Senn, Satnesso, Miskovic, Schmidt, McCabe, Antony 2011). Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is defined as a fear of rejection and being negatively judged by others in social situations (Kashdan, Farmer, Adams, Mcknight, Ferssizidis, Nezelf, 2013). SAD can lead to avoidance of social situations and interactions with others (Kashdan, Farmer, Adams, Mcknight, Ferssizidis, Nezelf, 2013). The lifetime prevalence rate in the United States is at 12%. When SAD is not treated the disorder will steadily progress overtime (Willutzki, Teismann, Sch... ... middle of paper ... ...mber 3, 2013). Moscovitch, D. A., Gavric, D. L., Senn, J. M., Santesso, D. L., Miskovic, V., Schmidt, L. A., & ... Antony, M. M. (2012). Changes in judgment biases and use of emotion regulation strategies during cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder: Distinguishing treatment responders from nonresponders. Cognitive Therapy And Research, 36(4), 261-271. doi:10.1007/s10608-011-9371-1 Roth, D. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (2001). Cognitive-behavioral models of social anxiety disorder. Psychiatric Clinics Of North America, 24(4), 753-771. doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70261-6 Willutzki, U., Teismann, T., & Schulte, D. (2012). Psychotherapy for social anxiety disorder: Long‐term effectiveness of resource‐oriented cognitive‐behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy in social anxiety disorder. Journal Of Clinical Psychology, 68(6), 581-591. doi:10.1002/jclp.21842
Shaw, B. F. (1977). Comparison of Cognitive Therapy and Behavior Therapy in the Treatment of Depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45(4), 543-551. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.45.4.543
One of the most common anxiety disorder is social phobia, which can sometimes be interchangeable with Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD). Marc de Rosnay, and others, states that Social Anxiety Disorder is characterized by a clearly noticeable fear and avoidance of most social situations where the individual may be put under scrutiny by others, and by fear in such situations, the individual will behave in an embarrassing manner (de Rosnay). One of the most notable feature of social phobia is that it has an early onset, as early as 7-9 months in most cases. The characteristics of having social phobia, or social anxiety disorder, is that the individuals are shy when meeting new people, quiet in a large group, blush easily, and often avoids making eye contact. There are a lot of concerns/problems with having social anxiety disorder. As a group, individuals with anxiety disorders had the largest burden of role disability compared to other common mental health conditions, exceeding the burden for mood disorders and in some cases, substance abuse (Grigorenko).
“It was just one more crack in the stone. Eventually the stone broke down and became gravel, leaving me a nervous wreck” (“David”). An individual with Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) possesses extreme fear in regards to social situations. This fear can be so profound that the individual can no longer function to full capacity in their daily life.
In general, Social Anxiety Disorder, or Social Phobia, is defined as an anxiety disorder characterized by an overwhelming amount of anxiety and excessive self-consciousness in everyday social situations (“Social Phobia,” 2014). These individuals have trouble with basic communication and interaction, often to the point where they can physically feel the effects of their anxiety. Profuse sweating, stomach ache, and nausea are not uncommon occurrences when a person with Social Anxiety Disorder is placed in an uncomfortable situation. There are several hypothesized causes of Social Anxiety Disorder; however, one of the most
Social anxiety disorder is the third largest psychological problem in the United States. It affects approximately 15 million Americans every year. It is a widely misunderstood disorder, where nearly 90% of people with social anxiety disorder are misdiagnosed. They are often misdiagnosed with schizophrenia, manic-depression, clinical depression, panic disorder, and or personality disorder (Richards 1-3). Misdiagnosis and undertreatment of anxiety disorders, according to "The Economic Burden of Anxiety Disorders," a study commissioned by the ADAA, costs the United States more than $42 billion a year and more than $22.84 billion is linked to the repeated use of healthcare services for symptoms that mimic physical illness. In addition, people with anxiety disorder are three-to-five times more likely to go to the doctor and six times more likely to be hospitalized for psychiatric disorders when compared to those who do not suffer from anxiety disorders ("Brief Overview of Anxiety Disorders" 2) (3).
Hudson, J. L., and R. M. Rapee. "The Origins of Social Phobia." Behavior Modification 24.1
According to DSM V, Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD), is defined as a persistent fear of one or more social or performance situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar people or to possible scrutiny by others. The individual fears that he or she will act in a way (or show anxiety symptoms) that will be embarrassing and humiliating (DSM V, 2014).
Today, many Americans today suffer from either social anxiety disorder (SAD) and/or depression. In general, people who suffer with either one of these disorders actually have both, as social anxiety and depression are closely linked together. Allegedly, if someone has social anxiety disorder or social phobia, and does not receive treatment, they have the tendency to develop depression. There is a major factor between the two disorders. A person suffering with SAD is unlikely to attending social situations out of fear that they will not be liked by others. Someone suffering with depression avoids social situations because they feel hopeless and no longer care about themselves. Typically, SAD leads to the onset of the
Social anxiety goes from not being able to socialize with people in a class to never leaving home due to the anxiety that is causes. Markway’s article states that there are three categories involved with social anxiety; mental distress, physical distress, and how avoidance affects someone socially. Mentally, it is exhausting to talk to people for to people and have that constant anxiety about the way they talk and act. People with social anxiety often think about how they can humiliate and embarrass themselves in front of others. This drives someone to fear that they may do something wrong at any given moments and may be rejected altogether (“Markway”, 2013).
Anxiety is a feeling of nervousness and uneasiness about something that has an uncertain outcome. For instance, the thought of not knowing the outcome on an examination can cause anxiety. Anxiety can be caused by many things, and everyone has different triggers. Something minuscule that will not affect a person might have a major effect on another person. “Approximately 20%” of adolescents suffer from Social anxiety disorder (SAD)” (Mehtalia, Vankar, 2004.). Social anxiety is the nervousness of being in a social setting or that involves one to socialize with others. Social anxiety has many contributing factors. Factors like the fear of being laughed at or being unaccepted by peers, along with their perception of themselves. A feeling of inadequacy
Stein, M. B., & Stein, D. J. (2008). Social anxiety disorder. The Lancet, 371(9618), 1115-25.
It also enhanced recognizing early signs of anxiety. Applied Relaxation consisted of a 3 phases totaling in 16 sessions. Phase 1 focused on muscle relaxation training, Phase 2 focused on apply relaxation to early signs of anxiety, and Phase 3 (last 3 sessions) focused on relapse prevention and strategies to maintain gains (Hayes-Skelton, Sarah 2013). The outcome measures used in this study was the Generalized Anxiety Clinician Severity Rating, Structured Interview Guide for Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Penn State Worry Questionnaire, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, and State Trait Anxiety Inventory along with second outcome measures including Quality of Life Inventory. Major findings of the study design was that Acceptance therapy did not lead to a significant decrease in depression, comorbid conditions, nor did it increase the quality of life in individuals compared to those receiving therapy using Applied Relaxation (Hayes-Skelton, Sarah 2013). Applied Relaxation was viewed as more simple for dissemination but unyielding and time-consuming for clients
Social anxiety disorder is also known as social phobia. It is defined as the fear of social situations that involve interaction with other people. It is the fear and anxiety of being judged and evaluated negatively by other people or behaving in a way that might cause embarrassment or ridicule. This leads to feelings of inadequacy, self-consciousness, and depression. The person with social anxiety disorder may believe that all eyes are on him at all times. Social anxiety disorder is the third largest mental health case issue in the world, and it can effect 7% of the population (15 million Americans) at any given time.
Stein MB, Fuetsch M, Müller N, Höfler M, Lieb R, Wittchen H. Social Anxiety Disorder and the
Social anxiety is a common personality disorder, it is caused by excessive and unreasonable fear of social situations. This type of anxiety is triggered by the fear of being judged by others, based off of who they are or how they behave. People who suffer from social anxiety tend to experience distorted thinking, leading to fake accusations about the outcome