SIN NOMBRE VIRUS RISK ASSESMENT IN YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK
Hantaviruses are a genus of virus that are single-stranded, negative-sensed RNA viruses with a tripartite genome, represented by 45 different species across a worldwide distribution (Dearing and Dizney, 2010). They are pathogens primarily hosted by small mammals, in the family Muridae, with rats and mice making up the majority of these hosts. Hantaviruses first came to be known when two major disease events occurring in the twentieth century lead to the discovery of both old and new world hantaviruses (Johnson et al 2010). Old world hantavirus were first discovered during the Korean War (1950-1953) when over 3,000 U.N and Korean soldiers became stricken with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). New world hantaviruses were first discovered in the four corners region of the Southwest United States during an outbreak of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) in 1993.
Since 2006, 22 new species of hantaviruses have been identified globally in Soricomortpha insectivores and in west African bats which may imply that more species of hantavirus will be discovered amongst a variety of different host species as sampling efforts continue globally (Wen-Ping et al. 2013). Presently 21 hantavirus have been known to cause similar human diseases that have been categorized within HFRS and HPS as the dominant syndromes in the old world and new world respectively (Jonssen et al. 2010). HFRS symptoms in humans may develop within 1 to 2 weeks after exposure, and up to 8 weeks in some cases (CDC 2013). HFRS can cause various hemorrhagic manifestation, circulation disorders, and renal failure and is associated with human mortality rates between 0.1% to 15% (Muranyi et al. 2005).
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Even with these experimental management practices in place, it is highly unlikely that SNV will be eliminated from deer mice populations in Yosemite National Park. However these experimental methods can give us crucial information pertaining to location specific deer mice/SNV transmission dynamics within the park boundaries which then may allow us to create better management strategies in controlling the disease. More research needs to be done in gaining a better understanding of deer mice social community behavior, investigating the link between deer mice SNV prevalence and human HPS outbreaks, and breaking down and understanding the multiple factors that attribute the “trophic cascade” and how precipitation and climate can influence rodent populations (Calisher 2002). It has been shown that SNV disease dynamics and patterns are different in unique locations
This virus is similar to Ebola, because it started in the same place. Lab workers in Germany, in 1967, contracted the new virus while working with African Green Monkeys, which had the virus. The virus is described as a hemorrhagic fever. It has a fatality rate up to 90% and spreads through human to human contact. The first symptoms can be as simple as a fever and a headache, then can progress to organ failure, and fatal internal bleeding.
Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is a small (20 nm) autonomous , non –enveloped, icosahedral, single-stranded DNA virus that is approximately 5,120 nucleotides in legnth. The genome encodes for two genes which each form two proteins by alternative mRNA splicing. The non-enveloped capsid is assembled from 60 copies of a combination of the overlapping capsid proteins VP1 and VP2. The virus contains three capsid proteins. The capsids normally enter cells by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Replication of the virus in the host occurs in cells that are rapidly dividing. FPV can survive in pH ranging from 3 to 9. The virus is highly resistant to most disinfectants (ether, chloroform, acid, alcohol, and heat), but is susceptible to Clorox bleach.
Levy, Sharon. "A Plague of Deer." BioScience 56.9 (2006): 714-21. Encore. Web. 20 Jan. 2014.
The Ebola virus and Marburg virus are the two known members of the Filovirus family. Marburg is a relative of the Ebola virus. The four strains of Ebola are Ebola Zaire, Ebola Sudan, Ebola Reston, and Ebola Tai. Each one is named after the location where it was discovered. These filoviruses cause hemorrhagic fever, which is actually what kills victims of the Ebola virus. Hemorrhagic fever is defined as a group of viral aerosol infections, characterized by fever, chills, headache, fatigue, and respiratory symptoms. This is followed by capillary hemorrhages, and, in severe infection, kidney failure, hypotension, and, possibly, death. The incubation period for Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever ranges from 2-21 days. The blood fails to clot and patients may bleed from injection sites and into the gastrointestinal tract, skin and internal organs. Massive destruction of the liver is one distinct symptom of Ebola. This virus does in ten days what it takes AIDS ten years to do. It also requires bio-safety level four containment, the highest and most dangerous level. HIV the virus that causes AIDS requires only a bio-safety level of two. In reported outbreaks, 50%-90% of cases have been fatal.
The Marburg epidemic is a RNA virus of the filovirus family--whose only other known members are the four Ebola viruses.
Common animals that carry these diseases are rats, prairie dogs, and parrots (“Exotic Animals as Pets”). According to Live Science, a science news website, researchers have found that 13 zoonoses, which are diseases transmitted from animals, cause approximately 2.2 million human deaths per year. "From cyst-causing tapeworms to avian flu, zoonoses present a major threat to human and animal health," lead researcher Delia Grace, a veterinary epidemiologist. According to researchers, about 60% of all human diseases are zoonotic, meaning they come from animals. Most zoonotic human diseases come from livestock, such as pigs, chickens, cattle, goats, sheep, and camels (Bryner). If humans would not come into close contacts with animals there would not be as many diseases in the world which would result in less human and animal deaths. According to WebMD, an American corporation that provides health news, advice, and expertise, a very common zoonotic disease in the world today is influenza, also known as the flu. Influenza usually comes from ducks, geese, or pigs and then it spreads to chicken and pigs. Leptospirosis is another example of a human infection that comes from animals. Leptospirosis is caused by contact with water, food, or soil that has been contaminated with urine from infected animals. This infection can lead to liver failure, kidney damage, brain and spinal cord infection, and rarely, death
The size of the swine flu virus ranges anywhere from ten to three hundred nanometers in diameter. In comparison to real world measurements, one nanometer is one one-millionth of a millimeter. The shape overall is a sphere which means it targets members of the animal kingdom like mammals. The swine flu virus is not categorized in a kingdom, phylum, or class because it is not considered to be living. However, it is part of the order of mononegavirales which includes all viruses that can infect any of the six kingdoms. The family is orthomyxoviridae which is all spheri...
Hvistendahl, M, Cohen, J et. al. 2013. ‘New Flu Virus in China Worries and Confuses’ Science 340: 129-130
Macaques showed sudden onset of illness with signs of anorexia, cough, nasal exudates, swollen eyelids, and enlarged spleens and kidneys (3). Macaques were determined to be co-infected with REBOV and simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV). Through testing REBOV was demonstrated to be less pathogenic than ZEBOV and SEBOV, with only 7 of 7 African green monkeys and 4 of 8 cynomolgus macaques surviving challenge (3). REBOV could not be recovered from survivors 20–600 days after challenge. Following this initial outbreak in Reston, several other cases of REBOV have occurred in both the United States and Italy, all attributed to animals imported from the Philippines and all from the same monkey breeding facility
Marburg hemorrhagic fever (Marburg HF) is a rare but acute hemorrhagic fever that affects both humans and primates. Transmission is mainly human-to-human, resulting from close contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected persons. Illness caused by Marburg virus begins abruptly, with high fever, severe headache and severe malaise. The individuals at the highest risk of transmission include family members and hospital staff who care for patients infected with Marburg virus. Individuals who have close interaction with African fruit bat, human patients, or non-human primates disease-ridden with Marburg Virus are at risk. The variance diagnoses usually consist of malaria, typhoid fever, shigellosis, cholera,
The relationship between white-tailed deer and coyotes have a negative correlation across the United States. Whether or not one species’ population number has a direct effect on the other is unknown, but there is much research that may show a connection between the two. The population of white-tailed deer has increased in many areas, including Cuyahoga Valley National Park (CVNP), Ohio (Fulton, Skerl, Shank, & Lime, 2004). In southeastern states, such as South Carolina, deer are an important food item for coyotes (Kilgo, Ray, Ruth, & Miller, 2010). Many citizens in the CVNP area believe the deer population needs to be managed with human control (Fulton et al., 2004). In order to get a grip on the issue of deer overpopulation, it is important
This extremely pathogenic zoonotic virus is now understood to travel from bat species, to equine intermediate hosts, to humans.[8, 10] The Hendra virus is listed as a Bio-Safety Level (BSL)-4, and can only be studied at a few adequately equipped laboratories worldwide due to its virulence.[1, 2] Case fatality rates
Hantavirus is a virus in the Bunyaviridae family of viruses. Dr. Lee Ho Wang from Korea discovered Hantavirus in the early 1950s. Though the virus is commonly found in rodents, it does not cause disease in the rodents. Disease results when the virus is transmitted to humans. A common way of contracting Hantavirus is from breathing in dust that has been contaminated by an infected rodent’s saliva, feces or urine or the infected dust gets into broken skin. It is also transmitted by the bite of an infected rodent. So far, it has not been confirmed that Hantavirus can be passed on from person to person. The most common places to contract Hantavirus are Korea, China or most countries in Asia. In Korea, Hantavirus seems to have two major “seasons;” May to June and October to November are the times of year when the disease is more prevalent because the rodent populations are higher during these times. There are two forms of Hantavirus, the mild illness found in Scandinavia, and the more severe illness found in the Far East and Central Europe.
Ebola virus of the Ebolavirus genus is a zoonotic infectious pathogen, which causes hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates (Sobarzo A et al 2013). First introduced back in 1976 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo after the first outbreak with a lethal consequence of 280 out of 318 infected (McElroy AK et al 2014), now it is likely to gather pace. Although all subsequent Ebola outbreaks have occurred in a certain geographical area in Central and West parts of Africa with no reported spread beyond (Dimmock NJ et al 2007), the virus gives rise to serious public concern due to its extremel...
Zinsstag J, Schelling E, Roth F, Bonfoh B, de SD, et al. Human benefits of animal interventions for zoonosis control. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:527–531