This chapter presents an overview of relevant theoretical research material on self-care activities of the patients with newly diagnosed type-2 diabetes mellitus. The related literature is presented under the following sub headings.
Section A:Literature related to various aspects of type-2 diabetes mellitus.
Section B:Literature related to self-management skills of patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus.
Section C: Reviews related to effectiveness of diabetes education on newly diagnosed patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus.
SECTION A: LITERATURE RELATED TO TYPE-2 DIABETES MELLITUS
Diabetes is a metabolic disease in which the body does not produce or properly respond to insulin, a hormone required to convert carbohydrates into energy for daily life. According to the American Diabetes Association, 23.6 million children and adults, approximately 7.8% of the population in the United States, have diabetes .The cost of diabetes in 2007 was estimated to be $174 billion. The micro- and macro-vascular complications of diabetes are the most common causes of renal failure, blindness and amputations leading to significant mortality, morbidity and poor quality of life. (JungukHur et.al, 2010)
There are two different types of diabetes mellitus. In type 1 diabetes mellitus, the problem is that the pancreas (an organ in the abdomen) does not make enough insulin. In type- 2 diabetes mellitus, the pancreas does not make enough insulin; the body becomes resistant to normal or even high levels of insulin, or both. This causes high blood glucose (blood sugar) levels, which can cause problems if untreated. In the United States, Canada, and Europe, about 90 percent of all people with diabetes have type- 2 diabetes. Type- 2 diabetes is a chronic med...
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...Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and NIH researchers. (National Institute of Health, 2012)
American Association of Diabetes Education in 2010 publishedthat Diabetic education can lead to changes in lifestyle. Lifestyle modification are more effective than the drug metformin 50% of the participants in lifestyle interventions experienced more than 7% loss of body weight. The incidence of diabetes was reduced by 58% in lifestyle intervention group and by 31% in metformin group as compared to the placebo group. Compared with no prevention, self-management reduces a high-risk person's 30-year chances of getting diabetes by about 11%, the chances of a serious complications by 8%, and the chances of dying of a complication of diabetes by 2.3%.A 2008 study found that group-based education on lifestyle modification help prevent or delay diabetes over time.
Diabetes is a disease that causes an abnormally high level of sugar, or glucose, to build up in the blood. Glucose comes from food we consume and also from our liver and muscles. Blood delivers glucose to all the cells in the body. In people without diabetes, the pancreas makes a chemical called insulin which is released into the blood stream. Insulin helps the glucose from the food get into cells. When the pancreas doesn’t make insulin, it can’t get into the cells and the insulin stays in the blood stream. The blood glucose level gets very high, causing the person to have type one diabetes.
Diabetes education is a structured education and self-management (at diagnosis and regularly reviewed and reinforced) to promote awareness. Diet and lifestyle, healthy diet, weight loss if the person is overweight, smoking cessation, regular physical exercise. Maximizing glucose control while minimizing adverse effects of treatment such as hypoglycemia. Reduction of other risk factors for complications of diabetes, including the early detection and management of hypertension, drug treatment to modify lipid levels and consideration of antiplatelet therapy with aspirin. Early intervention for complications of diabetes,, including cardiovascular disease, feet problems, eye problems, kidney problems and neuropathy.
Diabetes is a disease in which a person’s body in unable to make or utilize insulin properly which affects blood sugar levels. Insulin is a hormone that is produced in the pancreas, which helps to regulate glucose (sugar) levels, break down carbohydrates and fats, and is essential to produce the body’s energy. The CDC (2013) offers reliable insight, summarized here, into the different types of diabetes, some causes, and health complications that may arise from the disease.
Diabetes is a disease that affects the body’s ability to produce or respond to insulin, a hormone that allows blood glucose (blood sugar) to enter the cells of the body and be used for energy. Diabetes falls into two main categories: type 1, or juvenile diabetes, which usually occurs during childhood or adolescence, and type 2, or adult-onset diabetes, the most common form of the disease, usually occurring after age 40. Type 1 results from the body’s immune system attacking the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. The onset of juvenile diabetes is much higher in the winter than in the summer. This association has been repeatedly confirmed in diabetes research. Type 2 is characterized by “insulin resistance,” or an inability of the cells to use insulin, sometimes accompanied by a deficiency in insulin production. There is also sometimes a third type of diabetes considered. It is gestational diabetes, which occurs when the body is not able to properly use insulin during pregnancy. Type 2 diabetes encompasses nine out of 10 diabetic cases. Diabetes is the fifth-deadliest disease in the United States, and it has no cure. The total annual economic cost of diabetes in 2002 was estimated to be $132 billion, or one out of every 10 health care dollars spent in the United States. Diabetes risk factors can fall into three major categories: family history, obesity, and impaired glucose tolerance. Minority groups and elderly are at the greatest risk of developing diabetes.
Interestingly no significant differences were identified between the experimental and comparison groups in terms of knowledge, adaptation, and program satisfaction. However, diabetes self-care activities significantly improved (p = .02) for the experimental group (p. 316).
In recent years, diabetes education has become an integral part of diabetes treatment (Piccinino et al, 2015). The 2012 National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education (DSME) defines education as an exchange of knowledge, tools and practices that will address client needs. Patients need information about their illness, side effects, complications and how to care for it. Diabetes education must be effective and accurate in quality, content, and method (Atak & Arslan, 2005). Diabetes education should happen concurrently with diagnosis and throughout treatment for a patient and should involve a structured program.
My interest in this topic is a result of recent experiences with Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 (DMI), especially with the following two instances: a young adult patient admitted at the hospital following a DKA episode during one of my nursing rotations and one of my instructors with type 1 diabetes. Also, my father was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, this has increased my eagerness to study and explore more about the disease.
Norris SL, Lua, J, Smith SJ, Schmid CH & Engelgau, MM 2002, ‘Self- Management Education for Adults With Type ‘Diabetes’, Diabetes Care, Vol. 25 no.7, July, pp.1159-1171.
Polonsky, W.H (2006). ’Encouraging effective self-management in diabetes.’ In: k101 An introduction to health and social care, resources, Block 3, pg19, Milton Keynes, The open university.
Since Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is one of the most common health challenges world-wide, I am going to further incorporate the topic in my paper. Through academic research and resources, in my first paragraph I will be providing the health promotion definition along with expressing the importance for patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. My second paragraph will display the pathophysiology to help comprehend how this health challenge is present in the body. Health promotion interventions will also be incorporated with ideas and specific information to aid individuals in promoting health and preventing development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Diabetes is a common disease, which can be a serious, life-long illness caused by high levels of glucose in the blood. This condition is when the body cannot produce insulin or lack of insulin production from the beta cells in the islet of Langerhans in the pancreas. Diabetes can cause other health problems over time. Eye, kidneys, and nerves can get damaged and chances of stroke are always high. Because of the serious complications, the purposes of teaching a plan for diabetes patients are to optimize blood glucose control, optimize quality of life, and prevent chronic and potentially life-threatening complications.
Diabetes is a disease that I came across when researching my maternal side of my family history. Diabetes is a disease that affects your pancreas an important organ in regulating blood sugar. When a person has diabetes there are two ways it can affect the pancreas because there are two types of the disease. Type-1 diabetes affects the pancreas by not allowing the body to produce enough insulin to keep the body’s blood sugar at a healthy number. The opposite is for Type-2 which produces too much insulin and gives the body too much insulin keeping the blood sugar number above healthy (Type-2).
Diabetes Mellitus is a disease in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps the body’s tissues absorb glucose which is sugar, so it can be used as a source of energy. Glucose levels build up in the blood and urine which causes excessive urination, thirst, hunger, and problems with fat and protein metabolism in a diabetic person. Diabetes is very common in the United States; it is the seventh leading cause of all deaths. Women have been diagnosed with diabetes more than men. There are two forms of diabetes, Type one and Type two diabetes. Type one diabetes is when the body does not produce insulin or produces it in very small quantities. This usually occurs in younger people under twenty years of age, mostly around puberty. Type two diabetes is when the body’s balance between insulin production and the ability of cells to use insulin doesn’t work properly. This is more common than type one; about 90-95% people in the United States have it. There are no cures for diabetes now but there are many researchers investigating factors through new technologies to cure them. Meanwhile, technological advancements are being made to keep glucose at a good level for diabetes.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rep. N.p., 26 Sept. 2013. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.