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The repression effect
The second causal explanation of why oil impedes democracy is the repression effect. It links the authoritarian nature of a state and ways in which it can maintain power through using wealth from its rents to help oppress.
With the advancing of technology the Internet, instantaneous communication and social media is now a part of everyday life across the globe. It’s hard to believe that people in Middle Eastern authoritarian states have no concept of the democratic process and the benefits it can bring to the populace.
“Citizens in oil rich countries may want democracy as much as citizens across the globe but the resource wealth may allow their governments to spend more on internal security”
Resource wealth often
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However in the Middle East a huge proportion of its populous are often ignored and lack any degree of involvement. This sector is of course women.
In oil rich Middle Eastern countries, the role of women in social and political spheres is greatly reduced. This is for a number of reasons that ultimately diminish the need for women to work outside of the home and lower participation.
Firstly in Middle Eastern countries the state is often the largest employer with the oil industry providing a large percentage of these jobs. The production of oil is a very male orientated business with sectors like construction and heavy industry dominating compared to the smaller more traditionally female sectors such as manufacturing and agriculture. This leads to the smaller female sectors being crowded out in favor of more profitable male sectors.
With fewer women in the work force, these women in oil rich states tend to have less economic, social and political influence . When people work outside of the home they tend to gain better debating skills, organizing skills and become more politically active. This imbalance in power between men and women in the Middle East is a huge barrier for
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I have outlined the causal effects that show exactly how a regime can use its rent wealth in order to maintain power and suppress and democratic movement.
I also believe that oil wealth will impede democratic reform for a long time to come, as mentioned earlier the price and demand for oil doesn’t seem to be slowing at the moment and as long as the treasury is full patronage can be paid and unrest stifled.
Oil revenues give these countries so much money that it takes away political and economic participation from its citizens while they remain bound to the governments as a supply of income, much like the governments themselves are bound to the oil.
The wealth generated from rents gives authoritarian regimes unrivaled economic power and in turn unrivaled political power.
Its quite clear that across the region, Oil has had a detrimental effect on the implementation and spread of democracy so I’ll finish with this tongue and cheek quote by Dick Cheney, then the CEO of Halliburton one of the worlds largest oil field services
The place of women in Saudi society is determined by a deeply conservative culture, vindicated by a narrow interpretation of religion, and enforced by law. That place it would appear is at home, subservient to and legally dependant on their male guardian. Saudi society suffers from pervasive segregation along gender lines and women's freedom of movement is impeded, forcing them to rely on male chaperons.
The authoritarian regimes of the Middles cycled through a pattern of anti-western policy until the globalization effects of economics and information demanded reform. As conservative Arab states try to maintain the autocracy they relied on after gaining independence, their citizens, affected by information and education expansion, challenge their resistant governments as typified by Syria’s unwillingness to capitulate. The proliferation of information and education underscored the protest movements of the Arab Spring because citizens’ contempt for their obstinate governments grew to large under economic pressures, as the current situation in Syria demonstrates.
2012 “Has oil wealth been a blessing or a curse for the Middle East?”. Akerue.net. Ben West. Web. 27
There seems to be a question of what resources are given to women in the Middle East and North Africa for them to have social change and be given the rights that they declare. Based upon their age, sexual orientation, class, religion, ethnicity, and race this identifies someone’s social status which results in the ge...
The argument that oil is the cause of women’s underrepresentation in government and in the workforce is valid and proved in the article, “Oil, Islam, and Women” written by Ross. As the oil industry becomes increasingly better, women will disappear from the workforce and in return disappear from the government. The production of oil is good only to the economy of the states with oil; however, it is increasingly threatening to women’s independence. For women to gain any independence, they must start by entering the workforce.
The Middle Eastern has developed a lot of economic success with the authoritarianism government they’ve established. To some people, if they are economically stable, they’re willing to endure the hardships of being lead under a dictator. Countries like Bahrain and Saudi Arabia are flourishing in the oil business, which keeps them wealthy and involved in international relations. To the citizens of the Middle East, this makes their country look powerful because even with the Western’s opposing ideologies, they’re still working with the Middle East. This is sending the wrong message because even though the western countries have to cooperate and show political support with the Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and other Middle Eastern countries. Situations like these give the citizens a positive outlook of how their country is being conducted and support their governme...
Given the global economic restructuring and the shifting international division of labor, regions like the Middle East have become salient destination sites for many sub-Saharan African and South East Asian migrant workers. While past scholarship has focused on men-dominated migration patterns, current scholarship reports the increasing presence of women among migrant workers, particularly in the Gulf region (Martin Baldwin). In “Domestic Workers: Little Protection for the Underpaid,” Gloria Chammartin maintains that the number of migrant women have come to equal or outnumber men in recent years. Female migrant workers now constitute larger percentages of migrant workers in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, which include Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates. (470) For instance, data shows that more than 90 percent of Indonesian workers in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates consisted of women workers in 1997-1998. In 2001, between 85 and 94 percent of Sri Lankan workers in Jordan, Kuwait, and Lebanon were women. The increase in international labor demand across this region is mostly attributed to the oil boom of the 1970s.
"The heat is off; Oil." The Economist 30 Sept. 2006: 82(US). Student Edition. Web. 25 Mar. 2014.
Middle Eastern women need to stand up for their rights and get educated to reverse the notion that they are servants and properties of their men. Furthermore, they need to rise up to their potentials and prove beyond doubt that they are equal to men. This practice would lead the path for future generations to follow and protect the inalienable rights of women. Finally, these women need to break the cycle of oppression by addressing these deeply rooted beliefs, gaining the tools to fight back, and joining forces to make lifelong changes.
In the Middle East, Arab uprisings that included many women activists made a major impact on their society. According to the Washington Post, “The Arab uprisings of early 2011 disrupted virtually every dimension of Arab politics and societies, forcing a systematic reevaluation of many long-held political science theories and assumptions. The place of women in politics and the public sphere was no exception.” These uprisings were just the beginning to long road on the way to women’s
Being the hub of Middle East financial and trade in this globalization, the country need to change and allow women as useful resources to help the males working and improving the country. The country will continuous change and get into the point that previous generation ready to adapt to new way of life and the new generation still respect the old customs and traditions.
The Women of the Middle East have played substantial roles for their corresponding countries since the advent of colonialism in the region. Middle Eastern women have worked in all types of fields including medicine, education, agriculture, government, private sector, and even defense. They have kept roofs over their family’s heads while their husbands were away in wars, or even in foreign countries to work in jobs that they could not find in their own countries. The roles of women in the countries of Yemen and Oman are no exception, but while they still find ways to contribute to their country, they care constantly stereotyped, discriminated, and ridiculed by men who are known and unknown to them. This paper will discuss the individual contributions of the women living in Yemen and Oman, and will discuss in further state laws and cultural norms that are affecting the women living in these countries today.
One well known category women are mistreated in is employment. Today 73% of men are currently working or actively seeking for work, compared to only 14% of women. These statistics show just how big the gap is between the genders in work conditions. Only 2% of all employees in the private sector are women. Almost all of the self owned businesses are run by men. Therefore, many women have a hard time finding a job. Those who do successfully find a job, work in the agricultural division. Most of the women with a diploma have an even harder time finding jobs. They go through years of schooling and some never get employed. In Iraq 68% of women with a bachelor's degree are unemployed compared to the 11% in the United States. Some laws limit women from taking certain jobs. For instance women in Iraq are not allowed to have a job that requires hard labor, night-time work, or dangerous tasks. As Ithar Isaam said, "...Women cannot cross long distances and deal with workers and contractors. Security, maintenance and transport jobs that require effort or nightly shifts are still strictly reserved for men" (Ali). The majority of Iraqi society still supports the fact that women should be housekeepers not work in a business. With many people going along with this idea, nobody wants to hire women to do the jobs that are out there.
As the Arab Spring enters its second year, major uprisings and revolts have occurred all over the Middle East, pushing for an end to the corrupt autocratic rule and an expansion of civil liberties and political rights. Most recently, images from Syria have emerged, depicting the government’s use of force to suppress the voice of its people. One might ask, “Is this the beginning of a revolution? Is the country on the path to democracy?” To assess this question and examine the future trends in the region, one must look back on the country’s somewhat tumultuous history, the relationship between the citizens and the state, and the political economy.
Saudi arabia's petroleum monopoly is very much its' government's major interest. The kingdom earned over $80 billion in revenue from oil in 2000.(economist.com 2003) OPEC's ability to influence the market price is the key of its power. Compared to a competitive firm, the demand curve for a monopoly is a horizontal one as it can set any quantity it wants for a given price. The demand curve slopes downwards...