According to one of the pioneer authors in the tourism seasonality sphere BarOn (1975) seasonality is argued to be one of the main issues of sustainable and efficient tourism. The seasonality in tourism refers to the variation in demand or business activity, as well as fluctuation in tourist and visitor numbers to a destination. Butler (1994) on the basis of BarOns work expands the definition by adding that besides the previously mentioned seasonality may also be expressed in terms of fluctuations of such factors as expenditure of visitors, traffic on highways and other forms of transportation, employment and admissions to attractions.
The seasonality of tourism demand may be expressed by the number of visitors who come to a destination at certain periods of the year, but quite often more specific variables as overnight stays, type of accommodation employed, average length of stay, reasons for travel or the average spending of tourists are accounted for. Based on the shortage in availably of monthly-generated data, hotel capacity utilization is generally used for the purpose of analysis of seasonal fluctuations (Cisneros-Martínez, 2013).
To work within constraints of the seasonality is a destination management issue that tourism planners struggles with all over the world. Particularly pronounced the issue is in regions of the extreme north or south where climate variation directly influences the flow of visitors and thus management strategies of tourism (Baum & Hagen, 1999). At the same time literature suggests various other reasons for seasonality to develop.
2.2. Causes of the seasonality
In order to tackle seasonality, it is important to understand where and why seasonality is appearing. Various authors as BarOn (1975), Butler ...
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...ay directly change the flow of the people. At the same time the authors clearly state that there is a need to reduce fragmentation of involved stakeholders who have a direct impact on the coordination and development of cultural objects. Only in this way capacity and opportunities of the sites will be used effectively.
To sum up, there is a variety of the approaches to fight the seasonality, ranging from price differentiation, diversification of the offers, segmentation of the consumers and specialization in niche sectors, as well as seeking support in the public sector via infrastructure development, national marketing activities or even adjusting national holiday timing. Further research will attempt to identify which of the strategies for seasonality reduction are used in Latvia and what are the potential tools for improving and further developing the approaches.
Saveriades, A. 2000. Establishing the Social Tourism Carrying Capacity for the Tourist Resorts of the East Coast of the Republic of Cyprus, Tourism Management, Vol 21, Issue 2 pp. 147-156.
Carl Hiaasen, an award-winning author and columnist, is widely recognized for works that span for over 40 years. Characterized by humor and satire, Hiaasen’s Tourist Season, demonstrates his disapproval with the change for tourism in Florida. With tall buildings, millions of people and artificial lakes, Miami has become a top destination for tourists. Through the group “Las Noches de Diciembre” composed of the characters Skip Wiley, Viceroy Wilson, Tommy Tigertail and Jesus Bernal, Hiaasen expresses a radical point of view from a group who obsesses over making the Florida area back to nature. Furthermore, the author talks about the life before tourists took over the area as well as express through different characters such as Brian Keyes, the issues
Tourism impacts can be generally classified into seven categories with each having both positive and negative impacts. These impacts include; economic, environmental, social and cultural, crowding and congestion, taxes, and community attitude. It is essential for a balance on array of impacts that may either positively or negatively affect the resident communities. Different groups are concerned about different tourism impacts that affect them in one way or another. Tourism’s benefits can be increased by use of specific plans and actions. These can also lead to decrease in the gravity of negative impacts. Communities will not experience every impact but instead this will depend on particular natural resources, development, or spatial patterns (Glen 1999).
The first issue in this case study come from the nature of tourist industry, when it can only make profit in the summer holiday; hence, it’s realized that the organization is more alike to the seasonal business. This requires Bergqvist to have new ideas to
According to the Mayo Clinic, Seasonal Affective disorder is a mood disorder that causes depression during the change and transitions of the seasons. It is sometimes called the “winter blues,” but this depression occurs at the same time every year. The most common type of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is Winter SAD. This is when the feeling of depression only occurs during the transition between fall and winter. The Subsyndromal SAD is similar to Winter Seasonal Affective Disorder by having the same symptoms, but it is less mild than Winter Seasonal Affective Disorder. As for the Summer Seasonal Affective Disorder, this is when the depressive symptoms occur during the transition between spring and summer, when the weather becomes hotter and the days have more sunlight exposure. Based off of a study done by McGeehin, during the summer months in places like the midwest, where summer temperatures are extremely high, if there is an increase in temperature and heat, there is then an increase in mortality in the United States. Even though there is an increase in death during the hotter, summer months, the cold, winter months still has a higher rate of deaths overall, compared to the hot summer
Archeologists use many different methods from hard evidences to commonsense to help determine seasonality. However, seasonality gives archeologist a higher insight into both a site and the people how once lived
For the introduction, brief information regarding my purchase and the travel and tourism industry is presented. It was then followed by the explanation of the 2 chosen theories from two different chapters.
The aim of this essay is to carefully examine the existing resources of tourism within the destination their potential and weakness, SWOT and PEST analysis, statistics of tourist visiting and comparing those numbers and their demographic factors so on. Moreover the objectives of this essay is to discuss and me...
Cultural landscape is an instrument of force (Mitchell, 2008) and it is knowledge (Graham, 2001). As such it represents cultural capital (Bourdieu, 1977) of a society, state or nation, where through diverse social processes and practices directly or indirectly helps to form cultural identity. More specifically, cultural heritage, as a symbolic and visual language of cultural landscape, intersects with a “range of social and cultural debates about the legitimacy of a range of values and identities, and subsequently plays a part in their validation, negotiation and regulation” (Smith 2006).
When people travel to a destination, they sure have some motivation to motivate them to make the decision. ‘Motivation’ is the key term that will make the tourist to consider the reason to travel around. During the decision making process, people will consider some of the reasons before they confirm travel to a destination. The research that has conducted in The Netherland found out a remarkably high propensity to travel, 70% of the populations are taking one holiday per year and 24% was taking two holidays per year for holiday. Some of the people will affect their decision making by looking at destination image or some of the impact advertising. On the internet, business people will use image and advertising to attract tourist to travel to the destination by using image that they edit before. This is part of the marketing to promote their country to tourist. For family traveler, they will consider the distance and transportation travel to the destination. When go for travel, tourist will bring the whole family to travel. Then, they will consider old people who travel long journey are very hard for them. If one of the family members are senior citizen, they need to consider their healthy. Some of the senior citizen cannot take long journey, such as they have sickness. Bring children go for holiday also need to be consider. Some of the children will afraid of the highest in the plane, so they will feel uncomfortable. There is plenty of reason need to consider before making any decision to travel. For understanding tourist motivation and decision making is for two main reason, planning consideration and economic consideration. (Page & Connell, 2009) Before the tourist travel to a destination, they need to think about culture, climat...
Barbados previously dabbled in the mass-tourism industry, but currently primarily offers a more up-market and luxury product. The success of tourism was traditionally measured in percentage annual increase of arrivals, however this type of measurement ignores important variables such as length of stay or visitor expenditure and seasonal variations. This fa...
Nowadays in the rea of globalization, according to the World Tourism Organization, “seven hundred million people travelled abroad in 2003”, and the number is estimated to increase to 1.6 billion by 2020. (International Labour Organization, 2005). Tourism is spreading in unusual places. A lot of people want to be in the midst of adventure. It is a vital source of revenues for the GDP of many countries. I partially agree that tourism hugely benefits the local community. This essay will discuss some of the economic, social and environment effect of tourism on the host community.
Janeczko, B, Mules, T & Ritchie, B 2002, ‘Estimating the Economic Impacts of Festivals and Events’, Sustainable Tourism.
Tourism is affected by the stakeholders with whom the destinations are established or the areas that are attempting to attract tourists. The customer stakeholder needs to seek out destinations and packages that appeal to their desires than accepting predetermined vacation packages. The stakeholder’s in the tourism industry need to work together to avoid miscommunication and enhance packages that appeal to clients requests. All the
People are able to travel across the world in a short span of time (Paynesville press, 2001, May 30). Tourism can play a positive role in the social, cultural, economical, environmental and political development of the destination and as such represents a significant development opportunity for many countries and communities only if it is well managed (UNEP, n.d). On the contrary, unconstrained tourism development or growth can pilot to extremely damageable impacts. However, tourism is a very complex business concerning various organizations requiring significant amount of