B-Seasonal abundance of Ceroplastes Cirripediformis stages infesting guava trees at Qaliobiya governorate during the two studied years (from mid January 2005 -1st January2007) are shown in tables (XIII &XIV) and figures (81-84): Seasonal fluctuation of the pre-adult: Data in the previous tables and figure (81) illustrated the dynamic curve of Cer. cirripediformis nymphs, it had only two peaks. Whereas the first peak occurred at mid February, with an average of (118-150 pre-adult / leaf) and the second peak was (114-358 pre-adult / leaf) at mid November during the two studied years respectively. Also the results clearly showed that: there was a long period of depression started from mid March till 1st October. Seasonal fluctuation of adult females: Data in the same tables and figure (82) indicated that, the highly occurrence were during 1st October, that reached 20 adult/leaf; disappeared during interrupted periods. Seasonal fluctuation of the gravid female: Examination of data presented in the tables and figure (83) revealed that the gravid females have two annual peaks through the two years of study. The highest peak elicited during October & November reaches 15 gravid females / leaf during the second year. Seasonal fluctuation of Cer. cirripediformis total population: Data summarized in the two previous tables and graphically illustrated in Figure (84) Published the presence of two distinct peaks annually. The first peak recorded at mid February with (121,157 insect / leaf) and the second peak recorded at mid November with (115,137 insect / leaf) during the two studied years respectively. On the other hand, there was a long depression period during the two studied years which started from mid March until ... ... middle of paper ... ...hs 114 2006 Season 1st Generation From mid January to 1st July 2006 5.5 months 150 2nd Generation From 1st July to mid January 6.5 months 358 Table (XVI): simple correlation and partial regression of six abiotic and biotic factors with their significant level and percentage of explained variance on the population density of Ceroplastes cirripediformis population at Qaliobiya governorate during the period of investigation. E.V% F.value partial regression simple correlation source of variation year t p b R 57.90% 3.889** -2.888 0.01 -3.98 -0.576* MAX. Temp 2005-2006 0.533 0.601 0.416 -0.263 Min . Temp 0.293 0.773 0.352 0.124 daily meanR.H% -0.95 0.355 -2.473 -0.125 Rainfall -1.029 0.318 -3.932 -0.417* wind speed -1.574 0.134 4.256 0.584* parasite
Fox, R. 2001. Invertebrate Anatomy OnLine: Artemia Franciscana. Lander University. http://webs.lander.edu/rsfox/invertebrates/artemia.html, retrieved February 13, 2011.
Wise, M. J., Abrahamson, W. G., & Cole, J. A. (2010).The role of nodding stems in the goldenrod–gall–fly interaction: A test of the “ducking” hypothesis. Manuscript submitted for publication, Available from American Journal of Botany. (0900227)Retrieved from http://www.amjbot.org/content/97/3/525.full
1. We hypothesize that the metabolic rate for the cricket and the cockroach will be different when the two animals experience physical stress and temperature changes.
In reproduction, the female produces clusters of eggs that she carries in one or two egg sacs that are attached to her abdomen. Once hatched, The T. Californium’ life cycle has quite a few stages. The first being six naupliar (young) stages lasting 4 – 10 days. Next come the 6-copepodite stages (7-14 days for the first 5 stages) ending in the last stage where T.californicus is a sexually mature adult. Adults then live from 40 – 90 days after the stages are complete (Rickets and Calvin 1985).
The cigarette beetle is one of the most common household insect that causes damage to stored products such as dried materials of animal and vegetable origin, nuts, herbs, spices, grains and grain products etc. They usually feed heavily at the larval stage (Cabrera, 2007). The insects are also found to develop favourably on root and tuber crops such as cassava, yam, cocoyam and sweet potato mostly in the dried or processed state for storage (Adebayor, 2002). The insect usually infest and contaminates stored products with their cocoons and body parts when they die, thereby reducing the qualitative and quantitative value of the stored product which makes it undesirable for human consumption (Buss and Fasulo, 2006). The rate of development of the cigarette beetle is dependent on the food source and environmental factors such as temperature and relative humidity (Rees, 2004). The longest developmental stage is usually recorded at the larval stage where most feeding is done; the longevity of the adult insect is usually dependent on the type and quantity of food consumed during the larval stage (Papadopoulou, 2006; Mahroof and Phillips, 2008).
Fortunately, the assumptions made about maternal care in insects do not have to be accepted or rejected based only on faith or an educated guess; today it is possible for these predictions to be empirically tested so that the data may be recorded and analyzed. The following experiment is just one example of the various ways in which ideas regarding insects and maternal care may be effectively evaluated.
The titmouse is a small songbird that searches acrobatically for insects among foliage and branches. The tufted titmouse, also known by their scientific name of baeolophus bicolor, is a widespread species from North America. Because the species is so widespread, it can be assumed that the species is not limited by the biotic and abiotic factors that other species are limited by. The titmouse eats only insects in the summer, including caterpillars, beetles, ants, wasps, stink bugs, and treehoppers; they also eat seeds, nut, and berries. However, every population, or a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general areas, is limited by a carrying capacity, or the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain. At one point, the biotic or abiotic factors will limit the dispersion and dispersal of the
Fruiting heads often remain on trees over winter. Fair seed crops occur every year and bumper crops about every 3 years. The staminate and pistillate of Sweetgum is monoeciouse. The small, greenish flowers bloom from march to early May, depending on latitude and weather conditions. Both the staminate and pistillate flowers occur in heads. The staminate inflorescences are racemes; the solitary pistillate flowers are globose heads that that form the multiple head, 2.5 to 3.8cm in diameter, of small, two-celled capsule. The lustrous green color of the fruiting heads fades to yellow as maturity is reached in September to November. The beaklike capsules open at this time, and the small winged seeds, one or two per capsule, are then readily disseminated by wind. However, the seed balls can be safely collected for seed examination several weeks before ball discoloration occurs without harming the seed. Empty flowers are quit sensitive to cold and often damaged by frost.
Taborsky, Skubic, and Bruinties conducted a qualitative experiment on the effects of female N. pulcher egg size and clutch volume to the amount of helpers present (2007). In a given period, N. pulcher females reproduce around 100-300 eggs at a single time. Neolamprologus pulcher, which aid in protecting N. pulcher offspring’s, defend on average 36 offspring’s and in return are given an area to live for security. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate how fertile N. pulcher females react to intraspecific competition, the changes of egg size in the presence of increased Neolamprologus pulcher as well as how the young adapt to the environment they are raised in.
Peairs, Leonard Marion. Insect Pests of Farm, Garden, and Orchard. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1941.
In the novel Flight Behavior, by Barbara Kingsolver, we come across many topics we can derive from the book. As we read the novel one of the main topics we came across was Monarch Butterflies. We learned numerous things about these Butterflies throughout our reading. One of the numerous things was how to tell the difference between male Butterflies to female ones. In our paper, we will be giving great detail on the difference between the male and female butterflies based on the research that we have done.
Shows the amount of fruit flies in each generation and how many female and males of each species are in each generation.
With this being said, their breeding seasons depend on the time of the year. During El Niño the Galapagos Mockingbirds breed the most, although, because of all of the water there are many deaths within the population where they are desperately trying to outnumber births over deaths (Blumin, 2011). On the other hand, during times of drought they do not breed at all (Blumin, 2011). This affects the fecundity of the population because all of the offspring that the Galapagos Mockingbirds manage to reproduce will eventually die off with no offspring to replace them as this species does not constantly breed. With this, the population results in a stable growth
There are nearly one million species of insects known. Insects are defined by having six legs and a body divided into three segments: head, thorax, and abdomen. Chitin is an organic material that makes up an insects exoskeleton. There are three life cycles of insects, ametabolous or incomplete and paurometabolous or gradual, and homotabolous or complete metamorphosis. These life cycles are important in the aging of insects for aiding in legal investigations, (Houck and Siegel. Entomology).
Aphid mate and lay eggs on the Buckthorn plant, which is the overwintering host for the aphids, before migrating to the Soybean plant. They lay the overwinter eggs on the Buckthorn plant at the end of the fall where they will stay until spring when the temperatures begin to reach 50 degrees Fahrenheit and above. Once the aphids hatch in spring, they will have 2-3 generations with sexual reproduction on the Buckthorn plant. After their reproductions the winged females will migrate to the soybean. What is significant about these winged females is that they are fertile without mating and will bear live young once they have migrated to the soybean. Whilst colonizing on the soybean plant, aphids can have to 18 generations of females. After these 18 generations, in late summer, the winged females will migrate back to the Buckthorn plants where they will meet the males. They will then mate and lay the...