Two Points Against Naturalized Epistemology ABSTRACT: My aim is to raise two points against naturalizing epistemology. First, against Quine’s version of naturalizing epistemology, I claim that the traditional questions of epistemology are indispensable, in that they impose themselves in every attempt to construct an epistemology. These epistemological questions are pre- and extra-scientific questions; they are beyond the scientific domain of research, thus, for a distinct province of inquiry
as it is ordinarily used (something he says is important to his argument), and also that he has mischaracterized one of the sources he used to defend this definition. I will then present W.V.O. Quine’s psychologically based epistemology as presented in “Epistemology Naturalized” and “Two Dogmas of Empiricism”, and argue that this theory provides a more adequate account of the way knowledge and certainty are understood. I will also attempt to address the objections to Quine’s theory raised by Jaegwon
experience). Most empiricists also discount the notion of innate ideas or innatism (the idea that the mind is born with ideas or knowledge and is not a "blank slate" at birth). 2.Ontology and Epistemology are probably the most complex terms that one might come across while studying philosophy. Ontology and Epistemology are branches of philosophy. Let us try and simplify these complex topics. The word ontology is derived from the Greek words ‘ontos’ which means being and
Rorty (1) ABSTRACT: The notions of representationalism and antirepresentationalism are introduced and used in contemporary philosophical discussions by Richard Rorty to describe his and the neopragmatists' attitude toward traditional problems of epistemology. Rorty means that the history of philosophy shows that there are no final answers to the traditional questions about knowledge, truth, and representation; consequently, they should be rejected. Rorty thinks such questions should be eliminated from
The Philosopher Plato was alive during the period of 400 BCE. One of his most famous excerpts cited in philosophy is Plato’s allegory of the cave. Plato believed that innate ideas came from the world of form. He was a rationalist and he held a very strict notion of knowledge. Plato’s allegory of the cave is a theory concerning human perception and is very significant to philosophy. To briefly summarize the allegory the people who grew up in the cave all their life had been retrained from seeing
Problems with Descartes' Philosophy It is from the views of Descartes that most of the metaphysical systems of the last three centuries begin, trying to improve upon them, or to overcome what they regard as difficulties in the Cartesian system. René Descartes is responsible for the predominance of the problem of human knowledge in modern philosophy. Many of the systems of philosophy and theories of knowledge which have arisen in the last three centuries can trace their lineage directly
The Importance of Individuality (Three Lessons from Plato’s Dialogue, The Apology) The trial of Socrates in the year 399 B.C. is a very important piece of history that teaches many lessons. Socrates was accused of being an atheist as well as corrupting the young men in his community. He was tried in a court and found guilty; then consequently required to propose his own penalty, as an alternative to Meletos’ penalty. The court ultimately voted against Socrates’ judgement, and gave him the death
“The Knower 's perspective is essential in the pursuit of knowledge.” To what extent do you agree? The knower’s perspective is the way that a person sees and interprets knowledge in the world. If the knower already has a set perspective about various topics in the world, is it possible for them to pursue new knowledge? Does the perspective they already obtain actually hinder or help when learning and pursuing new information? Is it right for these knower 's to go into pursuing new knowledge with
How can the difference in paradigms and thus the difference in explanations of the Kissidougou case be possible? Apparently, natural scientists look different to this case, in other words: from a totally different angle or view. But what is then exactly the difference between social and natural science? Social science is systematically studying human social relations, groups and societies (Appelbaum & Chambliss, 1997). This means social scientists are part of the reality they investigate. In short
Knowledge has been defined as a justified true belief, but Gettier says that this is not sufficient for the definition of knowledge. Is the well-known definition of knowledge compromised by this claim by Gettier? The Gettier cases do not undermine the definition of knowledge. A response to the Gettier problem is infallibilism, which states that in order for my belief to be certain, it must be impossible for me to have made a mistake. Gettier argues that s can have a justified true belief that p
“Beware of false knowledge; it is more dangerous than ignorance” –George Bernard Shaw. The bodies politic in Plato’s “Allegory of the Cave” and the Bible, the Commonwealth and Israelites, both have shallow beliefs and believe what they know to be true. The Platonic Prisoner, from Plato’s “Allegory of the Cave”, and Moses, from the Book of Exodus in the Bible, both attempt to influence others with their newfound knowledge and wisdom because they feel the obligation to do so.They end up with different
Plato’s Allegory of “The Cave”: Are we living a lie and can we truly know true forms after the fact? Plato believed in the power of forms more so over the objects we see every day. This belief is made evident in his allegory of “The Cave” in Plato’s “Republic”. Plato weaves a tale between his mentor Socrates and a theoretical student Glaucon. In it, Socrates describes a cave where several men have been chained and restricted to only a certain point of view since childhood. They are made to face
Introduction A "worldview" is a way of pondering over reality and truth. A world view is an arrangement of presuppositions which we hold about the basic make-up of our world. There is no single, endless supply of spirituality. Spirituality is a broad idea with space for many viewpoints. In general, it incorporates a feeling of association with an option that is greater than ourselves, and it typically includes a search for meaning in life. A broad, inclusive definition is: spirituality offers meaning
Robert Pirsig’s Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance offers an extensive look into the author’s concept of reason in relation to discovering an ultimate truth. Pirsig, the implied narrator of the novel, wrestles with his memories of his past life as Phaedrus and must rediscover who he is and what he truly believes. One of his most recurring issues is his search for an eternal and absolute truth in the conglomeration of logic, philosophy, quality, and classics which he refers to as Reason.
The “The Science of Why People Insist on Making Idiotic Decisions” by Andre Spicer is about why he thinks people are dumb. In the beginning Spicer gives three examples of how people completely disagree with expert opinions even with evidence that proves them right. The following paragraphs after gives reasons why he thinks people disagree with expert opinions. Spicer uses mostly ethos and logos to back his argument. Throughout the article Spicer gives examples and backs up his claims. Almost every
Juliet Loewen WRITING ASSIGNMENT - Rhetorical Analysis “Is Science Dangerous?” by Professor Lewis Wolpert I have read the article “Is Science Dangerous?” by Professor Lewis Wolpert. He is a South African-born British developmental biologist, author and broadcaster. Professor Wolpert went to several universities and is well known and recognized by biologists. He has also published several popular science books. In this rhetorical analysis I will be using the three-part heuristic analyzing technique
My worldview has been shaped and is continuously being shaped by a variety factors. The two greatest of these factors are probably my family and my educational experience. In approaching policy issues, my worldview guides my value system and subsequently, my decision making process. My worldview can be articulated in my approach to the problem of robots and artificial intelligence (AI) potentially disrupting the labor market in the US and my response to a proposed solution to the issue presented
Since Plato, the traditional position on what instances of belief constitute knowledge is a justified, true belief. This justified, true belief (JTB) theory was objected to by Edmund Gettier in 1963, through counterexamples displaying instances of justified, true beliefs which are not knowledge. Many attempts since then have been made to modify the traditional position, with Alan Goldman’s essay “A Causal Theory of Knowledge” chief among the responses. In this paper, I will demonstrate how Goldman’s
One of Descartes’ main goals for writing his Meditations is to establish a foundation for knowledge. He calls everything he knows into doubt, in order to find this foundation. The mechanism he uses to establish universal doubt is the assumption of the existence of an evil demon that deceives him of everything. In order to know anything, he must create a foundation based on something he can know for certain. For his foundation, he provides an argument for his own existence. I will argue that Descartes
This book by Cynthia Crossen entitled “Tainted Truth” is the most intriguing book I have read all year. This novel will challenge you mentally and introduce you to information that is currently going on around you in your everyday life. It is always good to learn what is going on in your society and how it is affecting you. Cynthia Crossen is a reporter for the wall street journal and she questions us based on the information and statistics we see in our society. As American citizens a strong part