Schizophrenia is a severe disorder that affects up to 1 % of the world population in the world (E Schwarz, 2012). Schizophrenia occurs in people from cultures and from all walks of life, most cases begin in the late adolescent and early adulthood. The most common range for schizophrenia being stored is between16 to 25 years.
The term “schizophrenia” was first call dementia praecox by Emil Kraepelin to refer to those feature symptoms that we now associate with the schizophrenia. Kraepelin coiled the term dementia praecox as the mental deterioration of earlier in life. He believed that dementia praecox was a disease of brain and partially become a form of dementia. He also noted that the disorder was characterized by hallucination, delusion, and withdrawn behaviour. In 1911, a Swiss psychiatrist, Eugen Bleuler changed the name dementia praecox to schizophrenia which come from the Greek roots schizo (split) and phere (mind) to the condition characterized primarily by four fundamental symptoms: ambivalence, disturbance of association, disturbance of affect, and a preference for fantasy over reality.(Ming T. Tsuang, William & Steven, 2000). It is noteworthy that, Bleuler was not emphasized on two important psychotic features: delusion and hallucination which are basically the main features for schizophrenia in today’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM).
Kraepelin’s and Bleuler’s observations evolved into today’s psychiatric classification systems: the ICD and the APA’s DSM (Ming T. Tsuang, William & Steven, 2000). However, in DSM-I & II, schizophrenia was lack of operational criteria and the discussion of differential diagnoses. In spite of the DSM- II added some discussion of differential diagnoses, but it still remained vague ...
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...dation of the psychrity. Clozapine is one of the most effectual antipsychotic in the treatment of schizophrenia. There are evidences suggested that clozapine was associated with reducing suicide rates, persistent symptoms of hostility or violent behaviors in patients with schizophrenia. Lastly, for those schizophrenic patients who having an episode of depression, in spite of the psychotic symptom had reduced by antipsychotic, receive a trial of antidepressant is recommended as well. Few researches had been conducted and concluded that major mood disorder like depression associated with schizophrenia. It means that by having depression, it might increase the risk of for schizophrenia.
Besides that, psychosocial treatment recommendation. Cognitive behavioral therapy is one of the popular psychosocial treatments which recommended for the treatment of schizophrenia.
According to (Barlow, 2001), Schizophrenia is a psychological or mental disorder that makes the patient recognize real things and to have abnormal social behavior. Schizophrenia is characterized by symptoms such as confused thinking, hallucinations, false beliefs, demotivation, reduced social interaction and emotional expressions (Linkov, 2008). Diagnosis of this disorder is done through observation of patient’s behavior, and previously reported experiences (Mothersill, 2007). In this paper, therefore, my primary goal is to discuss Schizophrenia and how this condition is diagnosed and treated.
Schizophrenia: A guide to the New Research on Causes and Treatments. New York: Macmillan, 1994.
This paper provides an overview of the history of schizophrenia and its treatment. The paper begins by first providing some basic facts about the condition such as its nature, its probable causes, and its symptoms. This brief description is followed by a historical overview which discusses how schizophrenia came to be identified as a unique illness. The views of psychiatrists pivotal to making this identification are described. The paper then goes on to discuss how these views affected what was considered to be effective treatment for schizophrenia (e.g., sedation) and delineates how the notion of what should constitute effective treatment changed over the years. The paper also explores various medications that were used to treat the condition.
Schizophrenia is a complex syndrome characterized by cognitive and emotional dysfunctions including delusions and hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, and inappropriate emotions. Since there is no cure to this disorder, clinicians rely on the DSM IV to differentiate between symptoms. The symptoms of the disorder can disrupt a person’s perception, thought, speech, and movement in almost every aspect of daily functions. Mental health clinicians distinguish between positive, negative, and disorganized symptoms. Positive symptoms include active manifestations of abnormal behavior, which hallucinations and delusions fall in. Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are alogia and avolition. Rambling speech, erratic behavior, and inappropriate affect are some of the symptoms that are outlined under the disorganized content. The foundations of schizophrenia lye within two noted psychologists by name of Eugen Bleuler and Emil Kraepelin.
Coined by Eugen Bleuler in 1950, the term ‘Schizophrenia’ refers to a group of mental disorders with heterogeneous outcomes. The most prevalent subtype of schizophrenia is the paranoid subtype. Typically, this disorder is characterized by psychosis, in which the patient suffers from altered perceptions of reality. According to the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM – V), the typical subtypes – paranoid, catatonic and disorganized, among others have been eliminated, although the general definition of the disorder remains unchanged. These changes were made due to the clinically diverse prognosis, pathophysiology and etiology of the disorder, which add to its heterogeneity1, 2. In addition, sex of the patient and age of onset of the disorder also contribute to schizophrenia’s diverse effects. The age of onset and sex of the patient heavily influence the demographics and course of paranoid schizophrenia, and in turn are also affected by the patients ethnicity and any premorbid conditions the patient may have suffered1, 3...
Nevid, J. S., Rathus, S. A., & Greene, B. (2011). Schizophrenia and Other Psycholtic Disorders. In J. Marshall (Ed.), Abnormal psychology in a changing world (pp. 390-425).
In 1887 Dr. Emile Kraepelin identified schizophrenia for the first time in history. Dr. Kraepelin used the term "dementia praecox” which means “early dementia,” separating it from other forms of dementia usually occurring later in life. Kraepelin believed that “dementia praecox” was primarily a disease of the brain. In 1911, a Swiss psychiatrist by the name of Eugene Bleuler, was the first to use the term “schizophrenia” and the first to describe the symptoms as “negative” or “positive.” Bleuler believed that the name given by Kreapelin was misleading, since the disease was not part of dementia since it did not lead to mental deterioration in all cases and it could occur in young age as well as in old age. Since Bleuler specified the term five types of schizophrenia were identified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders –III (DSM), these include: disorganized, catatonic, paranoid, residual and undifferentiated. In the present DSM IV these defined terms are still being used, yet more and more people are turning to use their own methods of identifying the disease rather than focusing on the given DSM terms.
A patient who has been hospitalized is usually treated with pharmacotherapy, which is treatment prescribed by a psychiatrist through different medications. CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), family therapy and or orthomolecular therapy, which is vitamin and mineral supplements, are used to treat schizophrenia. Schizophrenia decrease life expectancy 12-15years and is one of the major causes of disability. Deinstitutionalization is a therapy treatment also, whereas the patient is able to live on his own within a gated community. The patient should not relapse as long as they are taking their medications. This shows that although your mind is split, you are still able to cope and live in society with this disease. As chaotic as schizophrenia is there is still hope and a belief that you can be helped and you can live in society.
Unfortunately, schizophrenia cannot be cured. Treatment usually consists of antipsychotic therapy, counseling, family support and rehabilitation. Medicines can help to control many of the symptoms. Most people with schizophrenia will need to take medicines for the rest of their lives.
“Schizophrenia is Greek and comes from the words ‘split’ (skhizein) and ‘mind’ (phren) which was introduced by Eugen Bleuler. Schizophrenia is a devastating psychotic disorder that may involve characteristic disturbances in thinking (delusions), perception (hallucinations), speech, emotions, and behavior” (Barlow and Durand, page G-17, 470). It is sometimes categorized as prophets, witches, and devils (Kaplan and Sadock, page 1432). “Schizophrenia is a serious and lifelong mental disorder that affects one percent of the population worldwide. The onset is occurs mainly in adolescence or early adulthood” (Minzengberg and Yoon, Chapter 10). Though it mainly occurs in adolescence and early adulthood, it is also common in late adulthood.
Peer-to-peer treatment is also a promising possible intervention. It promotes active constructive involvement from people who have schizophrenia, provides role models for individuals whose functioning is less stable, and may be accessible in individual and group settings, in person as well as by telephone or through the Internet. However, further research is necessary to demonstrate its effectiveness in decreasing symptoms or otherwise clearly improving functioning for people with schizophrenia. There are many foundations dedicated to not only finding a possible cure, but finding new treatments and just improving the lives of schizophrenics in general.
BIBLIOGRAPHY Arasse, Daniel. Complete Guide to Mental Health. Allen Lane Press,New York, 1989. Gingerich, Susan. Coping With Schizophrenia. New Harbinger Publications, Inc. Oakland, 1994. Kass, Stephen. Schizophrenia: The Facts. Oxford University Press. New York, 1997. Muesen, Kim. “Schizophrenia”. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. Microsoft Corporation, 1998. Young, Patrick. The Encyclopedia od Health, Psychological Disorders and Their Treatment. Herrington Publications. New York, 1991.
There are many different diagnoses for mental problems these days from anxiety disorders to eating disorders and from mood disorders to obsessive-compulsive disorders. However, I am choosing to write about schizophrenia disorder because I believe that this type of disorder is one of the most dangerous of all mental problems. Throughout this paper I will describe the criteria doctors use to diagnose somebody with schizophrenia as well as the specific DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. This will include the clinical symptoms of schizophrenia such as the positive, negative, and disorganized symptoms. Also I will talk about the etiology and the medical and psychological treatments for schizophrenia. Lastly I will write about the impact this disorder has on the person and the people around them in the real world.
Two main theorists came up with the condition we now know as schizophrenia; Emil Kreaplien and Eugen Bleuler. Kreaplien initially described ‘dementia praecox’, something we now understand to be schizophrenia. Kreaplien differentiated between two disorders, manic depressive illness and dementia praecox and believed that although these disorders were ‘systematically diverse that held a common core.’ Kreaplien believed that the original majo...
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that is most often associated with its trademark symptoms of auditory hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking. It has been found that this disorder has a hereditary element; an individual with a history of schizophrenia