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Theories of Causal Attribution in Social Cognition In social cognition causal attribution is one the most important models. In causal attribution we attempt to find cause-effect relationships between human behavior and possible causes which made it happen. There are seven different theories of causal attribution, and I shall talk about the Kelley’s covariation model and then talk about some biases in attribution. Kelley’s covariation model Kelley’s covariation model is a form of attribution model, possibly the best known of them all. According to his model, an observer attributes the behavior of people either to their person, the behavior is due the individual characteristics of the person performing the act, entity, the behavior is caused by the target, or circumstance, the behavior is caused by the circumstances of the event. When doing this, the observer uses three types of information, although not all of this information is always available. These are: Consistency, whether the behavior is consistent across different situations, Distinctiveness, whether the persons reaction is the same in all cases or not, and Consensus, do other people react the way to similar stimuli. For example , A pushes B: Interpretation of Information Causal Information available Consensus Distinctiveness Consistency Attribution Nobody else pushes B High Person A also pushes other people Low A has previously pushed B High Others push B Low Entity A pushes only B High A has previously pushed B High Nobody else pushes B Low Circumstance A pushes only B High A has not previously pushed B Low From our example, we can, by way of cau... ... middle of paper ... ...ior, and so we are less likely to use dispositional explanations when describing our own behavior. Nevertheless, even when we get to know other people better we are likely to use situational attributions to explain their behavior. (Although from now on, I hope I will.) In conclusion, these different theories all help us to understand human behavior a bit better, but none of these theories are a panacea to understanding all of human behavior. More research is required in order to develop more and more theories which might help us to understand it (human behavior) even better. Bibliography: Hogg, M.A.; Vaughan, G.M. (1998) Social Psychology, 2nd edition. Prentice Hall. Christensen, I.P.; Wagner, H.L.; Halliday, M.S. Instant Notes Psychology (2001) BIOS Scientific publishers Limited.
Furthermore, the authors aim to unfold the scientific logic of their analysis of the effects of hidden biases so people will be “better able to achieve the alignment,” between their behavior and intentions (Banaji and Greenwald, 2013) preface
Some psychologists argue that the situational variables (i.e., environmental factors) are more influential in determining behavior than traits are; other psychologists argue that a combination of traits and situational variables influences behavior.
There are some human phenomena, which seem to be the result of individual actions and personal decisions. Yet, these phenomena are often - on closer inspection – as much a result of social factors as of psychological ones.
The self-serving bias is the tendency for an athlete to accommodate to factors that paint the athlete in a favorable light. In the athletic realm, individuals portray the self-serving bias to foster future, effective performance in a sport. Whereas an athlete will attribute positive events to the doing of themselves, an athlete will attribute negative events to the doing of others. Although an individual may be inaccurate when imputing a factor, the self-serving bias is a method by which an individual safeguards esteem. It is this protection of esteem that is paralleled in the attribution theory. For instance, an athlete uses the self-serving bias to attribute success as a byproduct of the team. On the other hand, the athlete uses the self-serving
Over the course of the paper, I will first explain what exactly are social structural explanations and cultural explanations, and show some of the most popular examples of both. In addition, I discuss what I think is the core of the disagreement between the two, and what I think matters in comprehending life chances.
The attribution theory is the theory on how people explain things. One of the best things about being human is being able to explain anything. A synonym of attribution is exclamation. We as humans have a strong need to understand things. If you can influence people and explain what is happening, you may be able to change them.
In some sense people are more truthful in their behavior when they don’t know that they are being observed. On the other hand “People may behave differently when they know they are being watched. Sometimes people try to behave better that they normally would in order to appear more socially desirable or acceptable” (3) and this could be contributed as a downside of naturalistic observation. Only in my personal opinion my individual research was successful, but quite inadequate in providing solid and undisputable evidence, possibly my research would benefit from more observation and data
However, other times we may perceive oursleves based on our actions. This is known as self perception theory. Self perception theory argues that people learn about themselves by examining their own behaviour. People look at their own behaviour and infer aspects about themselves. For example if you eat a salad for lunch you may feel that you’re a healthy person. Hence, our actions determined how we perceived ourselves. However, we cant use self perception all of the time because most of the time we know what we are feeling without the need to examine our behaviour. For example if one chooses not to donate money to a charity, it doesn’t necesserily mean that they are selfish. We use self perception theory in situations when we are unsure about how we feel. For example when you meet someone you may be unsure about whether you like them or not. If you help them out with something then you can conclude that you in fact do like them. In addition, a study was conducted by Tiffany Ito et al in 2006 where they made participants hold pencils in their mouth, change their facial expressions and view photograph of white and black individuals. Results showed that those who smiled while looking at the photos of the black individuals showed less prejudice towards the black participants. On that note, it may be hard to trust our feelings based on our behaviour if the behaviour is forced. If someone forces you to give money to the homeless man outside your school, you cannot necessarily conclude that you are a generous person. The self perception theory offers a perspective that explains how our actions affect the way we think rather than the way in which we view ourselves may influence our day to day
The Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) is a concept within social psychology that assumes when someone is aggressive, it is due to a flaw in their personality as opposed to a reaction to their personal circumstances (Aronson, Wilson & Akert, 2015). However, there is typically a situational reason for the other person’s behavior that is not taken into account through the FAE (Aronson, Wilson & Akert, 2015). I have been guilty of making the FAE myself; for example, I can think of two situations where my frustration led me to believe that there were flaws in my antagonists’ characters. Recently, my mother wanted me to assist my brother in scheduling classes for the semester. Since I was annoyed that my mother was insisting that I assist him when
These theories have helped me to have a clearer understanding of how people interact with others and how they can share emotions. Everybody uses these theories whether they are conscious of it or not. If people did not use these theories than they would not be taught in class. Knowing about these theories and how they work is very beneficial to having better communication and interaction with people who are complete strangers and with people who are friends or even colleagues. The way people interact with others is important to knowing how they will share emotions and behaviors not only now, but also in the future.
Psychology can be defined as the systematic study of mental processes, couple with behaviors, and experiences (Kalat, 2011). There are many ways in examining, mental processes and behaviors among people, and therefore psychologist uses different perspectives to understand how human beings, think, act, and behave. Some psychologist uses one perspective to analyze behaviors, and other uses a multidimensional approach. Carter & Seifert (2013) identified 7 major perspectives that are used to study people’s behavior, and mental processes. These perspectives are the biological, evolutionary, psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, and the sociocultural perspective.
For example, if an individual exhibits highly competitive behavior one may wonder if he/she always acts that way or only acts that way under competitive circumstances (Kelley, 1973). Therefore, Kelly (1967) found that individuals use three factors to explain others’ behavior: a) consistency, b) distinctiveness, and c) consensus. Consistency referred to how consistent someone’s behavior is for a given situation (Kelley 1973). Explaining behavior through distinctiveness was attributing the behavior to situational factors. Finally, explaining behavior through consensus looked at whether other individuals acted similarly in the same
How the Attribution Theory in an attempt to assign meaning/understanding to events on the basis of eith...
Everyday people use social cognition as a tool to help them thrive in social world. There are many important aspects of social cognition that are helpful to us in making decisions and help us to interpret the world around us. An important aspect that is linked to social cognition is that of thought suppression. Thought suppression is when a person tries to force particular thoughts, memories or feelings out of their minds that may be unpleasant or may cause a great deal of stress for the individual. Many people are unaware how often we use thought suppression in our daily lives, but the truth is we use it in almost every aspect of our day.
Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. That determination depends largely on three factors: distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency. Our perceptions of people differ from our perceptions of inanimate objects.