In literature there exist several definitions of Schema:
“Schema integration is the process of merging autonomously developed DB schema into a unified, global schema to provide transparency through a unified view” [73].
“Schema integration is the process of identifying the components of a database which are related to one another, selecting the best representation for the global conceptual schema, and finally, integrating the components of each intermediate schema” [74].
12.2. Why is Schema Integration Required?
With respect to the web warehouse, schema integration is one of its important perspectives. There are heterogeneous sources of data in World Wide Web which vary in their schema configuration. Schemas from different domains vary in their structure and terminology like property tax schema or real estate schema. It may happens that the schemas from same real world domain also differ, since the schemas are developed independently in different real world contexts. This give rise to the need of schema integration to present a global conceptual schema for integrating the components and providing a unified view. “The aim of the integration process is the development of a global schema which integrates and subsumes the local schema in such a way that (global) users are provided with a uniform and correct view of the global database. The most urgent problem in this respect is semantic heterogeneity—if it is not detected and resolved, the usage of integrated data leads to invalid results” [75].
12.3. Problems in Schema Integration
Mainly two problems can arise in schema integration: [76]
12.3.1. Identification of associations among various conceptual schemas.
12.3.2. Verification of the identified associati...
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...ake G, “Interactive example-driven integration and reconciliation for accessing database federations,” Information systems 28:393–414, 2003.
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[90] Ivan Luković , Sonja Ristić , Pavle Mogin , Jelena Pavićević, Database Schema Integration Process – A Methodology and Aspects of Its Applying,” NOVI SAD J. MATH, Vol.36, pp.115-140, 2006.
[91] Frank Legler, Felix Naumann, “A Classification of Schema Mappings and Analysis of Mapping Tools,” Proc. 12th BTW conf., 2007.
[92] Michael Boyd, Peter Mc .Brien and Nerissa Tong, “The AutoMed Schema Integration Repository,” 19th British National Conference on Databases (BNCOD19), Pages 42-45, Springer Verlag LNCS 2405, B. Eaglestone, S. North and A. Poulovassilis (Eds), 2002.
Generally, the development and adoption of Clinical Decision Support (CDS) systems is based on the necessity and essence of technical standards in enhancing healthcare. However, the various health IT tools must comply with some data interchange standards in order to enhance access to clinical records, lessen clinical errors and risks to patient safety, and promote innovation in “individual-based” care (Hammond, Jaffe & Kush, 2009, p.44). The need for compliance with standards is fueled by their role in enabling aggregation of informa...
The next project deliverable is a robust, modernized database and data warehouse design. The company collects large amounts of website data and uses this data to analyze it for the company’s customers. This document will provide an overview of the new data warehouse along with the type of database design that has been selected for the data warehouse. Included in the appendix of this document is a graphical depiction of the logical design of the
2.4 - Describe the three-schema architecture. Why do we need mappings between schema levels? How do different schema definition languages support this architecture?
One organization that creates and provides standards for healthcare and the implementation of healthcare software is American Society for Testing and Materiel (ASTM). In 2004, ASTM released a standard that would change the interoperability of healthcare software forever. This standard is known as the ASTM E2369, the Continuity of Care Record (CCR) standard. The was first release of CCR was ASTM E2369-4 and was a word document that allowed interoperability between primary care physicians for the exchange of patient summary information (Sween, 2012). The CCR provides “snapshots” of a patient’s administrative, demographic, and clinical information (E31.25, 2012). The information in this snapshot focus on mainly the diagnosis an...
Applied Clinical Informatics, 7(1), 143—176. doi: 10.4338/ACI-2015-12-R-0174. Rouse, M. (2010). CMIO (Chief medical information officer).
This means the patients’ healthcare information is scattered among various resources. This makes it difficult for physicians to develop an informed decision about the patient. Our interoperability services allow physicians and other registered healthcare services to access the patient data aggregated from different software applications, and systems. This helps them minimize diagnose errors, and avoid confusions regarding medicines. Also, patients can access their medical records and track their own
With the assistance of the National University Reference Librarian, I was able to search different databases with keywords. Keywords used during my research include the following: patient portal, electronic health record (EHR), computerized patient records, patient portal implementation, and patient
Oracle's relational databases represent a new and exciting database technology and philosophy on campus. As the Oracle development projects continue to impact on University applications, more and more users will realize the power and capabilities of relational database technology.
In 1977, Larry Ellison, Bob Miner, and Ed Oates founded System Development Laboratories. After being inspired by a research paper written in 1970 by an IBM researcher titled “A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks” they decided to build a new type of database called a relational database system. The original project on the relational database system was for the government (Central Intelligence Agency) and was dubbed ‘Oracle.’ They thought this would be appropriate because the meaning of Oracle is source of wisdom.
Kasdorf, B. (2014). Welcome to the metadata millenium. Book Business, 17(1), 18-23. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1500945974?accountid=10043
Web IS. The importance of web led the classical information systems to transform in order to integrate with web technologies. This means that a web application can access an organization’s dataset. And as we mentioned above, this integration creates new data issues, like security and accessibility.
An example of this could be when a child has a schema "wings, beak and being able to fly" (a normal bird). Every new instance of a creature with the same characteristics is assimilated into this schema. But when that child sees an aeroplane in the sky, the child asks what it is. The aeroplane challenges the current schema. This new information cannot be assimilated into the ... ...
[7] Elmasri & Navathe. Fundamentals of database systems, 4th edition. Addison-Wesley, Redwood City, CA. 2004.
Inconsistently storing organization data creates a lot of issues, a poor database design can cause security, integrity and normalization related issues. Majority of these issues are due to redundancy and weak data integrity and irregular storage, it is an ongoing challenge for every organization and it is important for organization and DBA to build logical, conceptual and efficient design for database. In today’s complex database systems Normalization, Data Integrity and security plays a key role. Normalization as design approach helps to minimize data redundancy and optimizes data structure by systematically and properly placing data in to appropriate groupings, a successful normalize designed follows “First Normalization Flow”, “Second Normalization Flow” and “Third Normalization flow”. Data integrity helps to increase accuracy and consistency of data over its entire life cycle, it also help keep track of database objects and ensure that each object is created, formatted and maintained properly. It is critical aspect of database design which involves “Database Structure Integrity” and “Semantic data Integrity”. Database Security is another high priority and critical issue for every organization, data breaches continue to dominate business and IT, building a secure system is as much important like Normalization and Data Integrity. Secure system helps to protect data from unauthorized users, data masking and data encryption are preferred technology used by DBA to protect data.
The database application design can be improved in a number of ways as described below: