Salt Dilution Method
Salt dilution method is used in mountain rivers with rough cross section, big boulders and turbulent flow. An electrical conductivity (EC) meter was used for discharge measurement. Salt dilution method is particularly used for measurement of flow in mountainous stream and any other sites where high degree of turbulence exists to ensure complete mixing of injected solution in the pre-determined length of the channel. Under such condition of flow, the conventional approach to flow gauging such as current meter or calibrated structure are not feasible. NaCl was used for discharge measurement with the salt dilution methods. The amount of salt to be injected depends on flow estimation flow (generally 5 g/l). The salt was dissolved properly in a bucket. Then this solution was injected at once in the stream water almost 100 m from point of measurement. Base level conductivity of water was noted. As the salt reached to the place of measurement, the conductivity value started changing. The conductivity values were noted with 5 second interval. This was done until the measured value reached the base level conductivity again (Hofer, 1998). The rate of flow in channel (Q) can then be calculated by:
Q = qN
Where q = the rate of injection of solution and,
N = dilution ratio determined by direct measurement of concentration.
In Hilkot watershed discharge in l/s was calculated in MS Excel macros.
Volumetric Method
Volumetric method is simple way to measure discharge of water directly in the bucket, at known time. This method is applicable where discharge is very low.
Q=V_t/T
Where Q = discharge (l/s)
Vt = Total volume (liter)
T = Time (second)
Flood Hydrograph
A flood hydrograph shows how a s...
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...y for very short duration. The attempt has to be made to measure as many high flows as possible at all the hydro-stations.
Measured All measured values were plotted for stage –discharge relationship for all hydro stations. Regression analysis using Polynomial transform was used to develop relationships of discharge as function of a gauge. Rating curves for all the hydro stations were established and R2 values shows very strong correlation at all the hydro stations except hydro station No.5. CorelationCorrelation at hydro station No.5 was week is not very strong due to small limited number of observations, ,access to the area during high flood resulting . Low number of observation gives lless correlation value. The R2 values and regression equations established for different stations are shown in the table below. All five rating curves are shown in the Fig.3.
To measure the depth of the river we had to get two ranging poles and
fluctuating due to canals that have been dug to redirect water, which prevents the natural filtering
3. Add on of the following volumes of distilled water to the test tube, as assigned by your teacher: 10.0mL, 15.0mL, 20.0mL, 25.0mL, 30.0mL. (If you use a graduated cylinder, remember to read the volume from the bottom of the water meniscus. You can make more a more accurate volume measurement using either a pipette or a burette.)
A river or “stream, ribbons of water confined to channels, or troughs, cut into the land,” (Marshak, 2009) is formed from a drainage network or “the array of interconnecting streams” that form tributaries. (Marshak, 2009). The amount of water that flows down a stream is its discharge. The discharge measurement takes the width and depths or cross sectional area of a river as well as the downstream velocity to get a numeric value for amount of water moving down stream. (Marshak, 2009)
Grape soda and Epsom salt, who knew these two items, would lead up to one of the funniest, most embarrassing moments of my life. My basketball team pulled out and very important win, a win that would send us into the state tournament. On the way home, I asked my mom to stop by the store to get me some Epsom salt for my recovery soak. I walked into the store, grabbed the Epsom salt along with a grape soda. For some reason, the store was a little busy, and I stood in line for a short time.
...f the streams and drainage basins were found using the Calculate Geometry tool in ArcMap. This information gave us the minimum, maximum, average, and total stream lengths, along with the area of the drainage basins. Once this information was obtained it was used to calculate morphometric relationships (table 1). The sinuosity of the BRV was determined through a custom built tool in ArcMap that took the length of the stream over the length of the valley.
The Niagara River is very unique in the way that it drains water along the ninety-nine meter elevation drop down which it flows. The water drained differs according to the time of the day and the season as some water is diverted to create hydroelectric energy. The volume of water during the day over the Niagara Falls when it is tourist season, April 1st to October 31st, must not be less than 2,832 m3/s. During the winter months, anything not in the tourist season, the water flow over the Fa...
The burette and pipette I’m going to be using should be rinsed out with the solutions they are going to contain. After filling the titrant solution, I have to check the tip of the burette for any air bubbles, if it contains air bubbles the volume readings will be incorrect. Always rinse out the conical flask with distilled water because normal tap water contains ions, this will affect my results. Tap water have chemicals while distilled water is deionized, this simply means there will be no ions.
For the divergent flow, the apparatus is placed in a revised manner. According to the experiment results, the higher the dynamic head, the lower the static head.
The details with respect to each of these items are discussed in the following sections. All experiments were based on the ability of the method to collect and analyze a 15-L air sample for each concentration tested. The sample preparation and analytical technique used during the method evaluation follow that described in reference 9.4. A revised method (9.1.) is also available.
Great Britain for measuring the current from the flow of the river Thamus in earth’s
...t into the reservoir on average per year, in time, this silt could accumulate behind the walls of the dam, clogging the turbines' entranceway. Further, the absence of silt down stream would have two dramatic effects:
Salinity is simply the amount of salts contained in the soil which is estimated by measuring the electrical conductivity of a removed soil solution. An electrical device can easily measure the amount of salt contained in the soil. In millimhos/cm or micromhos/cm, a salt concentration of a gram per litre is about 1.5 millimhos/cm).
The purpose of this experiment is to use our knowledge from previous experiments to determine the exact concentration of a 0.1M sodium hydroxide solution by titration (Lab Guide pg.141).