Parr 's influences to Elizabeth were not solely negative. Porter states that, "The adult Elizabeth was very much the product of Katherine Parr. Her education, her religious beliefs, her consciousness of personal image owed much to the step-mother who guided and loved her." Similar to Edward 's reign, Elizabeth 's reign was filled with Protestantism flourishing, thanks partially to the fact that Parr ensured that Elizabeth received what Kujawa-Holbrook describes as a "man 's education." It was during Elizabeth 's reign, that Parr 's texts were widely circulated. According to historian, Janel Mueller, five editions of Parr 's text, Prayers or Meditations, were printed and circulated during Elizabeth 's reign. Patrons of Parr 's, such as William …show more content…
When she married Henry, the nation of England was in a state of religious turmoil. With the Act of Supremacy of 1534, Henry made himself “supreme head of the Church of England,” and with this new position Henry and his heirs had “full power and authority from time to time to visit, repress, redress, reform, order, correct, restrain and amend all such errors, heresies, abuses, offences, contempts, and enormities, whatsoever they be, which by any manner spiritual authority or jurisdiction ought or may lawfully be reformed, repressed, ordered, redressed corrected, restrained or amended.” Henry followed this Act with another in 1538 that ordered every parish to have “a large English Bible in its church so that the parishioners ‘may most commodiously resort to same and read it. '” With these Acts, Henry made himself the most absolute and powerful monarch that England had ever seen, rendering the Catholic Church and the Pope powerless, but also opening a Pandora’s Box for religious interpretation that he can never close. As people, mostly the middle and upper classes, read and interpreted the Bible for themselves, they began developing ideas that Henry did not like and was forced to respond to. In 1543, Henry attempted to backtrack his reform by passing “The Act for the Advancement of the True Religion,” which essentially eliminated any public reading and discussing of the Bible and forbid the lower …show more content…
Her best friend, Duchess Katherine Brandon, was very committed to reform, and Henry himself left Parr in the care of one of the country’s most prominent reformers, Thomas Cranmer, when she became regent. As Mueller discusses in her text, the earliest written evidence there is of Parr’s reform can be found in a letter from Protestant writer and educator, Nicholas Udall, where he addressed Parr’s “studious diligence of acquiring knowledge… of Holy Scripture.” Udall’s words themselves were not the only indication of Parr’s reformation. It was the fact she commissioned Udall to write the English translation of the work that he is prefacing with this letter, instead of choosing someone more inclined to Henry VIII 's idea of religion. Because this letter was written after Parr’s first publication Psalms or Prayers (a translation of another text), it can be assumed that Parr’s personal reformation could have happened sooner. Regardless of how or when Parr made the decision to reform, she did reform, and the decision to do impacted her life
However, he would also stress the importance for a centralized religious authority. Henry VIII used the church and the idea of the church being all powerful in combination with the monarchy to solidify his position as a strong ruler. When Henry VIII had to repeatedly ask the church for permission to take action with his marriages and life, he realized that he was limited by the church. Henry VIII wanted to be all powerful, and having to answer to the church meant that he was not. In 1533 he passed the Act in Restraint of Appeals. This act, which stripped the papacy the right of taking judicial action, made Henry VIII the highest judicial authority in England. This was his first move to take some of the power away from the church, while still leaving it as a respected institution involved with the state. Shortly after though, in 1534, Henry VIII passed the Act of Supremacy. This created the Anglican Church of England, and named Henry VIII the head of it. This break with the Catholic church and merge of head of church with the head of state was not an action made to create a more holy and divine nation, it was political. He knew that the path to true power and control was through the church and he used it to his advantage. The relationship that Henry VIII forced between the church and his position as head of state made it essentially impossible for him and his rule to be
Her first order of business was to eliminate religious unrest. Elizabeth lacked the fanaticism of her siblings, Edward VI favored Protestant radicalism, Mary I, conservative Catholicism, which enabled her to devise a compromise that,basically, reinstated Henrician reforms. She was, however, compelled to take a stronger Protestant stance for two reasons: the machinations of Mary Queen of Scots and persecution of continental Protestants by the two strongholds of Orthodox Catholicism, Spain and France. The situation with Mary Queen of Scots was most vexing to Elizabeth. Mary, in Elizabeth's custody beginning in 1568 (for her own protection from radical Protestants and disgruntled Scots), gain...
In 1553, Mary I became the Queen of England. Mary married King Philip of Spain in order to secure Catholicism in England. Elizabeth unwillingly became the leader of Mary’s opposition, the British Protestants of the time. She attempted to force her younger sister, Elizabeth, into attending Catholic mass in order to set an example for her followers. Elizabeth was raised Protestant and didn’t want to convert, so she avoided mass by complaining of stomach aches. A man named Thomas Wyatt sent a letter informing Elizabeth that he was planning a rebellion in order to prevent the marriage between the two royals.
From this we know that the character of Parris is seen to be austere and that he has faith in God to make better what has gone wrong. As we see him praying to God we know that he is a puritan who believes that God will help him and make solutions to all his problems. As he is seen to be mumbling it also mentions how
During her reign, Elizabeth I greatly affected arts of England. “Elizabeth’s reign was a Great Age for English Music, and she directly patronized its greatest composers, Thomas Tallis and William Byrd” (Doran et al). Additionally, Elizabeth was a major proponent of literature, and it was prominent throughout her court. Many compositions were created that reflected Elizabethan politics from great writers such as the playwright, William Shakespeare, who made many comments through his classical writing. Another example was Elizabeth’s gothic art style, which she mixed into a renaissance-type court (Doran et al). Essentially, she was able blend and preserve medieval architectural and art styles into the Renaissance period, unlike other European nations which were much more consumed by the realistic and classical art of the
In 1534, King Henry VIII formally instigated the English Reformation. He therefore passed the Act of Supremacy, which outlawed the Catholic Church and made him “the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England” (Roark, 68). Puritans were looking for a more Protestant church and received what they wanted. Along with it, came the King’s total control over the Church. This is what the Puritans didn’t want. Puritans believed that ordinary Christians, not a church hierarchy, should control religious life. They wanted a distinct line between government and the Church of England. Puritans also wanted to eliminate the customs of Catholic worship and instead focus on an individual’s relationship with God developed through Bible study, prayer, and introspection (Roark, 68).
Mary Tudor of England, Born on February 18, 1516, was always a precious lady.(Gairdner) According to the article “Queen Mary”: “Mary wanted to restore the catholic faith, and reunite England with Rome.” Queen Mary I was quite successful, she managed to rearrange “the royal household, and it was thought right to give Mary an establishment of her own along with a council on the borders of Whales, for the better government of the Marches.”(Gairdner) In real life Queen Mary was in fact a very kind hearted and happy lady, who in fact loved music, dancing, and gossiping with her court and followers. She often dressed in brightly colored cloths and very expensive jewelry.(Eamon) According to Amy Pollick’s article “Dispelling Myths about Queen”, “Mary did lay a solid governmental foundation.” Mary had a good head on her shoulders. She planned to further the peace and prosperity in England. (Pollick) Some of what caused her to “rebel from her father” was him depriving her of her faith, security, and happiness as a child. (Pearsall) In the book “Kings and Queens” it is stated that Mary married King Philip of Spain, but they had no children. (Pearsall) “He lived in England for only a year before returning to spain.” After that Mary began to bring back the old religion and faith of her time. Although the persecutions may have been exaggerated (Gull). From the same so...
Even at a time of rebirth and learning, the Renaissance was a breeding ground for upstart artists and authors to be introduced to the iron fist of the Church. Whether it be the Catholic Church or the Protestant Church, books will always be expurgated to fit the criteria of the faith. England endured many centuries under papal authority, until King Henry VIII was denied an annulment from Catherine of Aragon, a devout Catholic. When the king did not elicit a result he was satisfied with, he sought a solution through a schism with the Catholic Church, and thus began the Church of England where the reigning monarch decreed what is sinful and what is not. King Henry VIII attained his annulment, and set forth a series of events that were not
As Henry continued his reign he realized he needed a son to carry on his name and rule. Henry was married to Catherine of Aragon for eighteen years; however, he still had no son to inherit the English throne. Although she had given birth to many children, including several boys, only one girl had survived infancy. Henry went to Pope Clement VII asking for an annulment. This would allow Henry to end his marriage to Catherine, so he could then remarry in hopes of having a son. An annulment is to consider a marriage invalid. In spite of his request, Pope Clement denied Henry’s request. The Pope dallying because Catherine was the aunt of mighty emperor Charles V. The Pope did not intend to offend Charles (Mullett, 2003). Henry would not accept this defeat. Henry built up
Mary went on to re-implement the Catholic faith in England, however not the Catholic faith before her father broke with Rome. Mary was attempting to go along with the Counter Reformation happening on the continent. This showed great th...
Mary, who ascended to the throne of Scotland when she was a week old after the death of her father James V in 1542 , was the granddaughter of Henry VII of England, making her Henry VIII’s niece. With the constant issues between Scotland and England, Henry VIII had considered Mary as a potential wife for his son Edward, as a way to simmer tensions between the two nations – tensions that he had caused through the Rough Wooing . Though this idea fell short, that didn’t stop Mary from making a name for herself among royals and the
Mary Tudor became queen of England after she had Lady Jane Grey, known as the nine-day queen, executed (Lindbuchler). She came to the throne on July 19, 1553, and ruled for five dismal years (“Mary the Queen”). Because she was an advocate for the Roman Catholic Church, Mary never gained the support of her countrymen or nobles (Lindbuchler). At first, she seemed to be able to compromise and moved slowly toward religion; she even allowed her brother Edward to be buried with a Protestant service. But she despised the fact that her father broke away from the Church and always intended to return Catholicism to England (“Queen Bloody Mary”).
Pressing for action, Protestant reformers sought out Parliament for the safest recourse. For the first time in England, Edward VI’s reign had brought about the formation of Protestantism with changes that involved the abolishment of clerical celibacy, Mass and the obligation of required religious services in English. Following Edward VI’s death, just six years later, his half-sister Mary took over the throne. With her strong beliefs in papal supremacy, Mary made an effort to put an end to the corruptness her brother had brought about for the Catholic Church. Had Mary lived longer, the reestablishment of the Catholic Church might have been successful, leaving Edward’s reign, rather than hers, as a historical
...tism because she had made a stand for it by starting the English Protestant Church, she wished to keep peace in England, and also most likely because she had been greatly influenced by many Protestants in her youth. So once again, even though the English Reformation did not have any great reformers, it still managed to succeed due to the hard work of Thomas Cranmer, and the support of many rulers during the English Reformation.
After the death of Henry in 1547, a 10 year old Edward came to the throne. The English Church became increasingly Protestant in worship and doctrine under the Protestant Lord Somerset. Mary succeeded the throne after Edward’s death in 1553. Mary was a devout Catholic and saw it her mission to restore Catholicism back to England. She used mainly persecution to do this, by burning Protestants for not renouncing their beliefs, these actions turned many English people against Catholicism.