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Publisher beck depression inventory second edition general information publisher
Publisher beck depression inventory second edition general information publisher
Publisher beck depression inventory second edition general information publisher
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The Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. The Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977) is a 20-item self-report questionnaire that is used to assess the number of depressive symptoms that an individual may have experienced over the past week. Sample questions of the CES-D include “I was bothered by things that don’t usually bother me” and “My sleep was restless”. Participants were asked to rate each item on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (less than 1 day) to 3 (5-7 days). Total scores were calculated by reversing items 4, 8, 12, and 16, and then summing all 20 items together. Total scores ranges from 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating the experience of more severe depressive symptoms (Radloff, 1977). A score of 16 or higher indicates the experience of a clinical depressive disorder (Radloff, 1977).
The CES-D was originally developed and tested on a sample of 4,000 individuals within the general population and psychiatric settings (Radloff, 1977). Original evaluations of the CES-D displayed good discriminant validity between the general population and psychiatric inpatient samples. Researchers have also established excellent concurrent validity (Brantley, Mehan, & Thomas, 2000), criterion validity (Harringsma, Engels, Beckham, & Spinhoven, 2004) and construct validity (Cheung, & Bagley, 1998). Validity studies have demonstrated that the CES-D is not specific as a diagnostic tool for depression, but a measure of the severity of depressive symptoms (Fechner-Bates, Coyne, & Schwenk 1994). Studies of the CES-D in both community and psychiatric samples have demonstrated significant correlations with other measures of depression, such as the Beck Depression Inventory (Santor, Zuro...
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financial strain: what lies behind the income depression relationship? Health Economics, 14, 1197-1215. doi: 10.1002/hec.1011
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Certain practical issues need to be considered by the clinician during the assessment of MDD, (Dozois & Dobson, 2009). Depressed individuals tend to express their problems in a detailed manner when they are aware of what is expected from them during initial phase of assessment. Warning depressed clients about the possible interruptions at the initial phase along with providing them rationale helps to improve the effectiveness of the assessment (Dozois & Dobson, 2009). As depressed individuals tend to commit cognitive bias (Dozois & Beck, 2008), it is necessary to determine the actual impairment by evaluating patient’s daily routine in terms of different areas of functioning. Each diagnostic criteria needs to be addressed in number of ways (Shea, 1988). Sometimes, the patient describe their symptoms in more idiosyncratic way. So, the clinician needs to translate those concerns in to the nosological system (Dozois & Dobson, 2009). Bolland & Keller (2009) emphasize the need to assess the number of previous episodes and their duration because this information is one the predictor for risk of subsequent relapse (Solomon et al, 2000). Dozois & Dobson (2009) have reported to rely upon information related to previous episode carefully as the client may commit the reporting bias. The reporting bias can be reduced by ensuring that the patient understands the time frame to which he or she refers (Dozois & Dobson, 2009) and providing contextual cues to the patient’s memory (Shea, 1988). The information related to previous treatments, medical history, patient’s motivation for change, etc. may help in identifying resources for change (Dozois & Dobson, 2009). It is also helpful to assess client’s strengths which will help in formulating...
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The reliability and validity were researched by using three types of studies: mixed diagnostic group, certified patients diagnosed with DSM-III-R anxiety disorders and a non-clinical sample. It should be noted that the that was used population were psychiatric patients s...
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Clinical depression is very common. Over nine million Americans are diagnosed with clinical depression at some point in their lives. Many more people suffer from clinical depression because they do not seek treatment. They may feel that depression is a personal weakness, or try to cope with their symptoms alone. On the other hand, some people are comfortable with admitting their symptoms and seeking help. Such a discrepancy may account for the differences in reported cases of depression between men and women, which indicate that more than twice the numbers of women than men are clinically depressed. According to the numbers of reported cases of depression, 25% of women and 10% of men will have one or more episodes of clinical depression during their lifetimes.
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Cassano, P. Fava, M. (2002). Depression and public health: an overview. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53, 849–857. Retrieved from http://www.psychology.com/resources/depression.php
Many people feel apprehensive and miserable every now and then, but when does it take over their whole lives? Losing a loved one, doing poorly in school or work, being bullied and other hardships might lead a person to feel sad, lonely, scared, nervous and/or anxious. Some people experience this on an everyday basis, sometimes even or no reason at all. Those people might have an anxiety disorder, depression, or both. It is highly likely for someone with an anxiety disorder to also be suffering from depression, or the other way around. 50% of those diagnosed with depression are also diagnosed with an anxiety disorder.
Depression is one of the most common psychological problems. Each year over 17 million Americans experience a period of clinical depression. Thus, depression affects nearly everyone through personal experiences or through depression in a family member or friend.