There is a lack of collective focus regarding the recommendation of estrogen hormone therapy (ET) for postmenopausal women. For advanced practice nurses (APRN), clarification is necessary in order to inform their clients experiencing menopause of the risks and benefits of hormone therapy use. In the United States, breast cancer is the second leading cause of female death behind cardiovascular disease and its etiology is recently becoming more fully defined (Eccles, 2013). Breast cancer is exacerbated by the number of years clients use hormone therapy as well as each client’s lifestyle (Beckmann, 2014). Hormone therapy combination, dose and length of therapy as well as the client’s medical history all impact onset of malignancy, but the addition of progestin has been a contemporary focus of recent studies. Prevalence of breast cancer increased during the twenty years before the year 2002, then began to decline due to public awareness of long term use of 5 years or more of estrogen progestin therapy (EPT) (Norman, 2010).
There is a need for agreement among women’s health care providers concerning the role of prescription hormone therapy in menopausal women. For many years, menopausal women have used hormonal therapy for the support of symptoms such as: hot flashes, night sweats, irritability, insomnia, weight gain, vaginal dryness, recurrent urinary symptoms, and difficulty concentrating (NAMS, 2012). At times, the symptoms can be debilitating and have been estimated to affect 75% of women aged over 50 years of age (Chebowski, 2012). Symptoms may be worse when menopause first occurs. However, over time, they diminish. For women aged 50 to 79, the severity of symptoms tends to be individualistic depending on the client (NAMS, 2012)....
... middle of paper ...
...s for the
Successful prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research, 15, 1-37.
Gordis, L. (2009). Epidemiology (4th Ed), Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier.
McEwen, M., & Wills, E. M. (2011). Grand Nursing Theories Based on Interactive
Process. (3rd Ed), Theoretical Basis for Nursing (pp.170-174). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters
Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
North American Menopause Society (2012). The 2012 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of
The North American Menopause Society. Menopause: The Journal of the North American
Menopause Society, 19, 257-271.
Norman, S., Weber, A., Localio, A., Marchbanks, P., Ursin, G., Strom, B.,... Nadel, M. (2010).
Hormone therapy and fatal breast cancer. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 19,
440-447.
Tadić, A., Wagner, S., Hoch, J., Başkaya, Ö., von Cube, R., Skaletz, C., ... & Dahmen, N. (2009).
In 1960, the medical world of the United States was revolutionized by the introduction of The Pill. For the past forty years, The Pill has been the most popular form of reversible birth control. But beside the stellar contraceptive effectiveness rate ranging from 97-99.9% (when taken as directed), many other non-contraceptive benefits exist in conjunction with this method of birth control. Studies have proven that a women’s incidence of ovarian and endometrial cancers, benign cysts of the ovaries and breasts, and pelvic inflammatory disease, all decrease with pill use. Heavy bleeding and severe cramps are also minimized (www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/CONSUMER/CON00027.html). Recent claims state that birth control may also effectively treat some types of acne. Though, back in 1966, The Rocky Mountain Medical Journal published an article illustrating the effectiveness of estrogen-progestin combination in the treatment of stubborn acne, and maintaining that the cyclic administration of oral contraception is a useful measure for many women.
Zhang, Y. B., Harwood, J., Williams, A., Ylänne-McEwen, V., Wadleigh, P. M., & Thimm, C.
14- Dutt. P, Chaudhary SR, et al. Oral health and menopause: a comprehensive review on current knowledge and associated dental management. Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research (2013); 3(3): 320-323.
Throughout the duration of research paper, the researcher was able to receive first-hand testimony from a breast cancer survivor via email. The interview included questions such as: (1) the year and stage the breast cancer was diagnosed; (2) the level of awareness prior to diagnosis; (3) treatments used to combat cancer (chemotherapy, radiation or a combination of both); (4) the present condition of the breast cancer; and (5) the treatment, prevention, or examinations used to keep breast cancer in remission. The interviewee (remains nameless) was diagnosed on July 5, 2002 at Jefferson Hospital from a yearly mammogram. Her breast cancer was diagnosed in stage I, less than 1 mm in diameter (Office of Women’s Health n.d). She exclaimed she was very aware of the heredity risk in her family because of previous family members diagnosed with breast cancer. She received two lumpectomies, following a port was placed in her arm for easier access to her vein during chemotherapy. She received four rounds of chemotherapy, each spaced out by three weeks; she also underwent six weeks of r...
Tackett, J. L., Lahey, B. B., van Hulle, C., Waldman, I., Krueger, R. F., & Rathouz, P. J. (2013).
Menopause is a course that every woman's body must experience. Majority of women already know the symptoms, side effects, and all-around unpleasantness that comes with menopause and this can, cause them to be concerned that it may have an affect on their social, personal, and professional lives. However, if there was an answer that could help facilitate the torment of menopause would most ladies take it? Likely, yet what numerous ladies don't know is that there can be serious symptoms while experiencing Hormonal Replacement Therapy. Before one can understand Hormonal Replacement Therapy, they should first know what menopause is. Menopause is a characteristic piece of maturing and it happens when a woman’s ovaries quit creating a substance called
Ottenberg, A. L., Wu, J. T., Poland, G. A., Jacobson, R. M., Koenig , B. A., & Tilburt, J. C.
Kobau, R., Zack, M. M., Manderscheid, R., Palpant, R. G., Morales, D. S., Luncheon, C., et al.
Trautner, H. M., Ruble, D. N., Cyphers, L., Kirsten, B., Behrendt, R., & Hartmann, P. (2005).
Torgersen, J., Strand, K., Bjelland, T. W., Klepstad, P., Kvale, R., Soreide, E., et al. (2010).
The assessment process of nursing steps to determine a diagnosis of menopause for Maureen includes collecting primary data from the the client themselves and secondary sources from family and health professionals using critical thinking skills to ask a range of questions to be able to analyse the data for developing a nursing diagnosis (Crisp & Taylor, 2009, p. 259). Menopause generally occurs in women naturally after age of 45 years, where they can undergo many physical and psychological effects (Newhart, 2013). Erikson communicates that during the middle adult developmental stage people often believe that possibilities are limited, this is true with Maureen as she relates to herself being worried to study again at a late stage (Crisp & Taylor, 2009, p. 151 ).
Tamborini, Ron ; Eastin, Matthew S. ; Skalski, Paul ; Lachlan, Kenneth ; Fediuk, Thomas A. ;
Barker, V., Giles, H., Hajek, C., Ota, H., Noels, K., Lim, T-S., & Somera, L. (2008).