REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Avidov (1970) mentioned that a total of 38 species of parasites and 10species of predator were found in Israel, associated with Aonidilla aurantii , Parlatoria pergandii, Coccus hesperidum, Sassetia olea and Ceroplastis floridensis
Martino (1982) in Italy stated that scale insects infesting citrus cultural were attacked by natural enemies such as Aphytis sp.
Merleir (1984) mentioned that ornamental maples, limes and chestnuts in Reims, France, jointly ifested by Eupulvinaria hydrageae and Pulvinaria regalis canard in the post few years. In observation on natural enemies of the scales, coccinellid larvae were found preying on the eggs and young larvae of P. regalis.Larvae of the dipterous predator Leucopis sp were found in ovisacs of E.hydrogeae.
Salem (1994) found that the activity of the ( Encyrtidae) parasitoid on Kilifia acuminata was scattered during the two studied years. The activity of this parasite on female was higher than immature stage, the lowest activity of (Encyrtidae) parasite was observed during mid July, August and during December.
Ofek et al (1997) in Israel stated that there were several identified natural enemies for Aonidiella orientalis and Aonidiella ourantii among them Aphytis linganesis was detected.
Kwais (1998) mentioned that the scale insect, Insulaspis pallidula was found with its parasite Aphytis lepidosaphes on zebda and dabsha varieties during May July and August in Faiym governorate. On the other hand Lindingaspis floridana and Aulacaspis tubercularis are found without parasite. In addition parlatoria olea was found parasitized by [ Aphytis moculicornis and Aphytis lingnansis ] in high and low infestation on zebda and hindy v...
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...as well as the effect of two weather factors on the insect activity were studied at El-Qanater El-kairia, Qaliobiya governorate, Egypt in 2001 / 02 and 2002 / 03. Results revealed that pre-adult and adult populations were peaked four times per year during May, July, September / October and November. The pest had annual overlapping generations, with the highest generating occurring during autumn in both studied years. The daily mean temperature was entirely under the optimum range of pre-adult and adult activities in the two years, whereas the daily mean relative humidity was within the optimum range of the pre-adult and adult activities in 2001 / 02 and entirely under the optimum range of the pre-adult and adult activities in 2002 / 03. The combined effect of the two weather factors on the pre-adult and adult activities was highly significant in both years.
Biology 108 laboratory manual. 2010. Lab 3, habitat preferences of artemia franciscana, pp. 45-62. University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
11) Wargo, Phillip M., Defoliation by the Gypsy Moth: How it Hurts Your Tree, U.S.
Timmins, R.J., Robichaud, W.G., Long, B., Hedges, S., Steinmetz, R., Abramov, A., Do Tuoc & Mallon, D.P. 2008. Pseudoryx nghetinhensis. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. . Downloaded on 14 March 2014.
"10 Dangerous And Deadly Parasites | Health." Before It's News. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2014. .
Ree, Bill. "Pecan Insect Pests." Pecan Kernel. Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. http://pecankernel.tamu.edu/pecan_insects/pests/index.html.
Peairs, Leonard Marion. Insect Pests of Farm, Garden, and Orchard. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1941.
There are two different types of worms or parasites that can affect animals, in relation to this report the focus will be on parasites that affect sheep. They are called endoparasites and ectoparasites. This report will predominately emphasise on the endoparasites, or the internal parasites. These endoparasites are divided into three categories; nematodes [or roundworms], cestodes, [or tapeworms] and trematodes [or flukes]. The parasites are broken into these groupings due to their structure.
Olsen, O. W. 1. (1962). Animal parasites; their biology and life cycles. Minneapolis: Burgess Pub. Co.
The antlion got its name from early European scholars who likened the insect to, a small creature, extremely hostile to ants. Antlion larvae are carnivorous predators that feed mainly on small mobile arthropods such as ants, as well as the occasional spider, beetle, fly, caterpillar, wasp, and mite that falls into its pit. Our research was conducted on the species Myrmeleon crudalis, which is from the order Neuoptera. This species lives preferably in sheltered, sandy regions and builds shallow, cone-shaped pits in the surrounding substrate. The larvae use these pits to capture their prey. The insect falls into the pit and is unable to climb up the loose sand on the sides of the pit. The antlion lies buried at the bottom of the pit and catches its prey with its strong, piercing mandibles. The larvae secrete digestive enzymes through the mandibu...
In 1843, lantana, a noxious weed from Central America, made its way to Australia as an ornamental shrub. Lantana rapidly infested approximately 4 million hectares. Recently new bio control ideas have come to light, such as using Eriophyoidea, which is a mite. Many mite species are virulent parasites. Seven species of Eriophyoidea are known to associate with the lantana, such as Calacarus lantanae Boczek and Chandrapatya, Diptilomiopus camarae Mohanasundaram, Eriophyes lantanae, Paraphytoptus magdalenae Craemer, Phyllocoptes lantanae Abou-Awad and El-Banhawy, Rhynacus kraussi Keifer, and Shevtchenkella stefneseri Craemer. There are many other types of mites that have been known to attack different linages of lantana. If mites were released into
... bugs live in tropic/subtropics areas so straight away we can know that they will become more active in the warmer areas.
In this specific study, the species of aphids known as Aphis gossypii, and the species of fire ants known as Solenopsis invicta are being examined. This study is observing the relationship between the aphid and fire ant. It is thought that the ant species protects the aphids because of the sugary substance, known as honeydew, which they leave behind. This honeydew serves as a main food source for the ants because of its high nutritional value that can help stabilize the colony and allow it to grow. Additionally, this study was conducted on the previous
Known pests, the house cricket, Acheta domesticus seem to have originated in Southeast Asia; they can be found in Asia, North Africa, Europe, and southern Canada, from British Columbia to Newfoundland, down to Mexico due to human introductions (Espace pour la vie n.d.). A. domesticus can be spotted in warm and moist regions of homes and buildings like fireplaces, and kitchen water heaters; They can also be found in fields, pastors and meadows, and are known agricultural pests (Zungoli 1998). They can be also be identified in moist areas like mulch, tall grass, and weeds; rocks, bricks, and wood piles are also areas where they can be spotted. A. domesticus prefer dark regions to reside (Zungoli 1998).
...e natural enemies are introduced. In addition to the effect of these enemies and the other climatic factors on these three important scale insects are studied.
Furthermore the PEST analysis helps to spot an opportunity that a business can take an advantage off and threats it can face in the future. Looking at the PEST factors this essay