CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Background
Recently, toothbrushing technique has raised concerns and has also been the subject of much argument. Many suggestions have been put forward but it has been stated that different dentitions may require different techniques. Any technique that gives good results in controlling plaque without damaging the teeth or soft tissues is regarded as satisfactory (Harman, 2001).
A number of toothbrushing techniques have been used over the years, namely, Bass/modified Bass technique, horizontal scrub technique, modified Stillman technique, Charter’s method, roll technique, physiologic method, and last but not least Fones’ technique (Rao, 2008). Any technique should allow for all the surfaces of all the teeth to be cleaned. Two-minute toothbrushing is normally recommended to clean the facial, lingual, occlusal, and incisal surfaces of all the teeth (Phinney and Halstead, 2000).
Removal of the dental plaque is of crucial importance in preventing tooth decay and gum disease and also to obtain proper oral hygiene. Toothbrushing is one of the most effective ways to remove plaque. Hence, it should be started on eruption of the first primary tooth itself. It should be established as a daily routine from early childhood as good oral hygiene is a foundation step in the development of disease free oral cavity of infants through adolescents (Harman, 2001; Rao, 2008; Srivastava, 2011). Small children have limited manual dexterity to clean their teeth themselves but they can be encouraged to care for their teeth from the early ages of 2 to 3 (Bimstein, et al., 2001). So, adult supervision is important until the child has developed sufficient dexterity to effectively brush his/her own teeth, which is at...
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...sis for this research is there is a difference in effectiveness between Fones’ and horizontal scrub techniques on plaque removal in kindergarteners with Fones’ technique being the more effective technique.
Diagram 1.1 Schematic Diagram of the Conceptual Framework
1.6 Research Method
The method used for this research is true-experimental with 40 kindergarteners from Taman Kanak-Kanak Al-Ikhlas 04 as the population and sample. They have been chosen through purposive sampling technique to participate in this research whereby the difference in effectiveness between Fones’ and horizontal scrub techniques on plaque removal in kindergarteners can be determined. Data collected from this research are tested using Student’s t-test.
1.7 Location and Time of Research
The research was conducted at Taman Kanak-Kanak Al-Ikhlas 04 from January 2014 till February 2014.
On his initial examination dated 23/06/13 the patient was seen for a routine full mouth scale and polish with reinforced oral hygiene instruction including flossing technique. He presented with excellent oral hygiene at this appointment which was a reflection of his commitment to good oral hygiene; tooth-brushing twice daily and dental flossing once daily. This was further supported by the patients plaque scores at 5% and bleeding scores at 4% with only minimal supra gingival calculus on lower anterior teeth. There was no erythema or oedema present on the gingival tissues.
Hygienist are the dentists who educate their patients on the importance of oral health care. Hygienist examine any chipped tooth,damage filling,discolored or swollen gums, and also take x-rays, and help prevent tooth decay. Today, dental care focuses on prevention. Preventing tooth decay and related problems is the main job of a dental hygienist. As generations pass, not many people are fully aware of the downside of not properly taking care of their pearly whites. This topic was brought to my attention by noticing the lack of dental hygiene among my peers. This doesn’t necessarily just mean having only cavities, sore gums, but also bad breath.
A dental hygienist is a very important role in any dental office. As stated by a dental assistant, “Dental hygienists work closely with the dentist as well as hands on with the patients. They assist dentists with operative procedures such as fillings and extractions, and making molds of patients teeth” (Wilson, Jennifer). A large part of their job is teaching patients proper dental care to ensure a lifetime of healthy teeth. This includes proper brushing and flossing techniques. According to the job out look, a day as a dental hygienist can include taking x-rays, cleaning and scaling teeth, charting treatment plans, putting sealants on teeth, taking impressions of teeth and completing information about the patient’s oral and medical history (Summary). In some states dental hygienist are allowed to give local anesthetic and place and remove sutures (Delivering Local Anesthetic). According to advantages of becoming a dental hygienist, hygienists spend more hands on time with the patients than the dentist does. These are some of the instruments that dental hygienists use on a daily basis: toothbrush, scaler, mirror, ultrasonic scaler, explorer, suction, computer, salvia ejector, rubber cap polisher, dental models, x-ray machine and probe. The dental hygienist uses a toothbrush to remove soft plaque from the teeth. Plaque is a soft coating on the teeth that contain bacteria. The bacteria can cause tooth decay and gum disease. The amount of plaque on the teeth gives the hygienist an idea of how well the daily brushing and flossing of the patient’s teeth are completed on a regular basis. The scaler is used to remove hardened plaque or calculus from the teeth. The mirror is used to look closely at the surfaces of the teeth a...
Children with disabilities or other health impairments require assistance of adults to live to their fullest potential. Although childhood caries is not a typical disease when considering disabling chronic illnesses, it is becoming a global health crisis that affects children in many ways. According to the United States Surgeon General’s report from the US Department of Health and Human Services (2000), dental caries is stated to be the “most common chronic childhood disease of children aged 5 to 17 years and is five times more common than asthma and seven times more common than hay fever.” Childhood caries can severely affect a child’s quality of life in the areas of overall development, family relationships, community relationships, and educational challenges; the collaboration of parents and teachers is essential in treating and preventing childhood caries, not only in the United States, but also around the world.
Over time as individuals age and are faced with access to care issues they may begin to neglect their oral health. As time passes between dental hygiene cleanings or dentist visits the presence of oral disease may begin to increase.
A hygienist then asks what polisher flavor the patient would like. What the polisher does is remove any fragments of plaque remaining and surface stains on the teeth. A hygienist will then go over how to properly floss teeth for future references. Flossing is the only way to remove plaque in between the teeth. The hand scalers and polishing can only do so much. Most patients believe that flossing isn’t a big deal and make excuses such as “I forget to do it” or “I don’t know how.” This is what a hygienist is for; to properly educate the patient how to take care of the mouth by teaching them how to floss if necessary and prevent serious
Wiener, R. Constance, Richard J. Crout, and Michael A. Wiener. "Toothpaste use by children, oral
One of the gaps found in the literature comes from article titled “Improving oral care practice in long-term care.” The article states that they still used sponge swabs although the type (lemon glycerin) is not stated. The other gap in literature comes from article “Staff-led interventions for improving oral hygiene in patients following stroke.” Although 470 participated in the trial, the findings were inconclusive.
Dr. Levi Spear Parmly (1790-1859), an influential American figure in the field of dental prevention, introduced flossing as the most efficient way to prevent dental disease (Sanoudos). Flossing wasn’t a big hit back then. Until, after World War II. That was when flossing became more advertised and Doctor Charles Bass made flossing an essential part of daily oral hygiene care. Dental floss has the ability to reach deep in the crevassees of your teeth and become more effective than
The prevention of periodontitis is straightforward for patients. The first step in prevention is to assure that the patient is brushing twice a day utilising the proper brushing technique. Patients who fear the contraction of periodontitis are not encouraged to brush too much however, as excessive brushing with poor technique can lead to other oral problems such as the reduction of the gums (gingival recession). Brushing at least twice a day help inhibit the growth of unwanted bacteria and prevents plaque, and thus tartar from forming. Patients who wish to prevent periodontitis should also floss daily. Flossing daily includes the spaces between each tooth, as well as behind the last two molars on the mandibular and maxillary arches. Flossing should get in below the gum line to prevent bacteria from congregating just below the surface. The last at home, over-the-counter treatment available for the prevention of periodontitis is the use of an antiseptic mouthwash. While proper use of mouthwash in conjunction with the other techniques can help cure gingivitis, once periodontal disease has elapsed stage 1 of periodontal disease, no amount of mouthwash or brushing can restore attachment lost in the periodontium.
The patient had no changes to her health history and is overall healthy despite vision impairment. After reviewing her probe depths in comparison to her last appointment, it was apparent there was no longer bleeding upon probing in the first quadrant. Her probe depths had also gone down generally by one mm in both quads one and two. The treatment therapies that were performed for this patient at recall included using the ultrasonic throughout all four quads. This patient did not handle the ultra-sonic well, so we took many breaks and touched up with hand scaling. The patient had multiple open contacts, so during patient education I showed her the proxy brush and how to adapt it within the embrasures. I emphasized the importance of flossing and using the proxy brush in regard to decrease the amount of plaque between her teeth and hindering her risk for continued bone loss and interproximal caries. I placed most of this education under the urgency that we would like to maintain the teeth and their surrounding bone structure. The plaque score was still low. I also explained to her the importance of brushing without added pressure and demonstrated the modified Stillmans method to prevent future gingival recession on the lower anteriors. Although the patient hadn’t showed much improvement in regards to homecare, I believe that sometimes hearing it over and over can help advance them up on the learning
Dentures are designed to mimic natural teeth to give the wearer a youthful and healthy expression. Like natural teeth, they require daily cleaning, in order to maintain their strength and appearance. There is one hotly debated topic regarding denture cleaning: to brush or not to brush.
As the consumers are becoming more concerned about the health of their teeth, the toothbrush companies are focusing on helping them have an optimal dental health, and offering various types of toothbrush; to do this they must be all the time focused on what the customer's needs are.
When your brushing make sure to get under your teeth. You need to make sure it gets under your teeth because you don’t want the unders of your teeth to rot because that would be just as bad as the top of them rotting. Now you need to get inside and out front and back. While you are doing this you need to get all the way in the back of your mouth to make sure that those are good to. Then go in the front and brush really good so that they are sparkly clean brush really good. Always make sure that this process last for 2
There are basic procedures to follow in order to uphold proper oral hygiene including brushing and flossing. The first step in maintaining a healthy mouth is performing proper brushing every day. Brushing properly helps lower the risk of tooth decay and gum disease, which are the major causes of tooth loss (Oral-B). It is recommended by the American Dental Association to brush teeth after every meal or at least twice a day (Edwards). It is important to choose the right toothbrush and toothpaste in order to get the best cleaning. A toothpaste containing fluoride will strengthen teeth and prevent cavities...