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INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
ethical issues in health research
INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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A.1Researcher
Introduction
Research means process of generating and analyzing information. The system of collecting data for research projects is knows as research methodology. The data may be collected for either theoretical or practical research.
These are the different profiles of a researcher.
Insider
Inside researcher is the researcher who is researching into his own organization and the place where he work. If the researcher is involved in researching his own area of work in his place of employment is it called inside the researcher? Insider research has the researcher trying to find out what is inside the people he is researching. He is attempting to understand the thinking of behavioral patterns of people in organization, in order to consider what they really mean when they say or do something. When understanding this kind of research he might either be watching others, or be working beside them and watching them at the same time. He has the ethical problem of whether or not to tell the people he is working alongside that he is watching what they do and say, with an unknown of researching in mind. Inside researchers may fare no better, however in an important sense the moment they become a researcher. For example if an organization that the employee turn-over was very high. So as a researcher he can research what are the problems of high employee turnover.
Outsider
Researching in a different part of organization is called outsider researcher. Outsider researchers can also experience boundary and later ethical conflict. For example his duties are when he gains entry to a particular research. For example a school under certain condition of confidentially and under requirement which give participants in the research t...
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...th experience as well as some qualitative data. Designing survey instruments capable of generate credible data, however, can be difficult.
Observations
Observation relies on the researcher’s ability to gather data though their sense and allows researchers to document actual behavior rather than response related to behavior. However, the observed can act differently when survived and observation can be influenced by researchers worldwide.
Reference
(research methodologies cyrix college, 2014)
(Kumaru, 2005)
(Bhattacharyya, 2009)
(Kothari, 2004)
Bibliography
research methodologies cyrix college. (2014, february). male', maldives.
Bhattacharyya, D. K. (2009). Research Methodology. india. khuzaima. (n.d.). research methodologies cyrix notes.
Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques.
Kumaru, R. (2005). Research Methodology. SAGE.
The research question is the first and foremost initial step in the research process, because it defines the expected outcomes and drives the project design. So it should be clear and concise once the research question is formulated, the next is defining the terms and concepts used in the research process. A literature review is needed to clarify issues, gives an understanding to the researcher how others have formulated similar research questions and defines concepts.
Human being spend much time observing the world in which they live in. observing the world is something were familiar with is just that we have not considered it as a way of doing formal research. Observation does not just involve vision, it includes interpretation of that same date, it’s not just recording of data from environment we observe, we are active our brains are engaged as well as our eyes and ears. In a social gathering where you don’t know people researcher can adopt participant observation where she has two roles to play that is being an observer and participant. In a hospital a nurse can pretend to be a patient in other to be admitted into the ward to enable her obtain adequate information because informant
The research is not without its limitations. One of the challenges that would be faced would be establishing the accuracy and bias in the various answers given by respondents. Some of the information may be dishonest, biased and unclear. This would render the report unreliable.
Kelley, K et al. (2003). Good practice in the conduct and reporting of survey research. Oxford Journal. 15 (3): 261-266.
Observation allows researchers to experience a specific aspect of social life and get a firsthand look at a trend, institution or behaviour. It promotes good communication skills, improves decision making and enhances awareness.
Focusing on surveys and questionnaires, and quantitative research methods, it varies on the person getting questioned as to which method they prefer. Some individuals may prefer to fill in a questionnaire, as it is quick and simple for them, whereas someone else would rather have a face-to-face interview because they may find questionnaires to complicated. Giving people the choice gives the more chance of getting a response overall. It is important that the researchers are aware of the advantages and disadvantages because they will then be aware of what method to use, and will know what method is best to use. It is also an advantage to work with experienced researchers in order to find out the best results.
Data Collection and Analysis Questionnaire The research was carried out on both quantitative and qualitative approaches. It began with a quantitative approach—questionnaire. Bryman and Bell (2003) asserted that mail or postal questionnaires are the most popular forms of questionnaires. Another form—self-completion questionnaire—was also common because of the overlap with postal questionnaire to some extent.
“[A] research method or research methods are needed to collect data” (Bryman, 2012, p. 46). Examples for research methods are content analysis, focus groups, structured interviews, self-completion
Observation is essential for psychologists to get to know their clients. Examination consists of learning and understanding the way the client acts and thinks. While observing it is important to take mental notes and be aware of body language to see how the client reacts to certain questions and situations. There are many ways to do this, including case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation. The case study examines an individual in depth, but often is in need for further study. “We must ask questions and look for answers within several different research methods.” (Plante, 2005) The survey looks at cases in less depth, but is used to estimate outcomes from a group of people. Naturalistic observation notes behavior in a natural environment, yet it does not explain behavior, it describes it. While observing, it is helpful to look for patterns and sequences because as Heffner stated “Order can be found in even the most random data.” (2001) Nevertheless, observation is important because before psychologists can explain what people do, they must first observe what it is that they do.
After identifying a topic, the researcher for both qualitative and quantitative methods do background research. First, the researcher needs to determine which research method is most
...sis, which could make all results invalid. With any research projects, limitations will be present. It is important to attempt to eliminate some of these causes in order to complete a thorough, accurate study. In future projects, this study could go about researching the issue in different ways. Perhaps using a larger sample size would be conducive for accurate results. A larger sample size helps reduce and even out any possible errors caused by those who do not answer truthfully. Also, keeping the surveys mainly anonymous would help to receive more truthful and accurate responses from participants. Participants may be fearful of judgments on open interviews or phone interviews, which could affect responses. In order to obtain as accurate results as possible, a future study would need to find ways to survey participants in a confidential way that feels comfortable.
When encountering the above mentioned ethical problems, the approach that will be applied in order to address them will be for me (the researcher) at the end of this research to compile a report for this study which I have conducted in order to avoid fabrication or falsification of data as this is a very serious issue (De Vos, 2011:126), and also to provide with video tapes or recordings as a proof of the research being conducted.
Research is systematic way to find out facts and knowledge as Kothari (2006) has analyzed that research is the pursuit of truth with the help of study, observation, comparison and experiment; the search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solutions to a problem. However there are two types of researches one is by Purpose and other is by method. The type by purpose falls into three categorize such as Basic, Applied and Action Research.
Quantitative research involves the collection and converting of data into numerical form to enable statistical calculations be made and conclusions drawn. It provides a measure of how people think, feel or behave and uses the statistical analysis to determine the results. However, this measurement results in numbers, or data, being collected, which is then analyzed by using quantitative research methods (Byrne, 2007).
Research which is also known as the search for knowledge is an art of scientific search for specific information. According to Clifford Woody, the research includes defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis and suggested solutions, collecting, organising and evaluating data, making deductions and reaching conclusion and further testing whether the conclusion will fit into formulating hypothesis. Research Methodology is a scientific and systematic way of finding solution to a problem. In this research, researcher has studied various steps for research like problem along with the logic behind them. For this study, researcher must know various research techniques like mean, mode,