Unique features of renewable energy have caused increasing demands for such these resources. Given that the expected lifetime of offshore wind farm is at least 20 years, the best location and configuration of wind farms in a large region is important information for policy makers. Different factors may effect on the selection of a suitable location for wind plants. Cost analysis, environmental features and geographical indicators must studied to use offshore wind energy as a natural resource. However, visual disamenity is considered. This article presents an integrated approach for location of offshore wind plants with Fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). DEA model is treated on a fuzzy basis Due to ambiguousness associated with location allocation guidelines; and a recent possibilistic programming approach is used to convert the fuzzy DEA model to an equivalent crisp one. Moreover, comparative experiments are applied for discussion about the equivalence of output result. This is the first study that presents an integrated socio-economical approach for identification of optimum location especially distance from shore of offshore wind farm. This would help policy makers to identify the preferred strategy for location optimization problems. As a case study in this article, the Kish Island in Iran is considered. The optimal location and configuration of renewable power plants and distributed generation source of energy is important for strategic decision-making, and sustainable development especially in developing countries. However, for establishment and development of renewable energy determining the priority and advantage of different locations is a crucial factor. Due to continue increasing in global demand for renewable energy... ... middle of paper ... ...mizing the location of wind farms. Renewable Energy 48, 287–299. [17] Nikolaou Nikolaos, 2004. Deep water offshore wind technologies (Master in science). University of Strathclyde Department of Mechanical Engineering,, September 2004. [18] Per Nielsen, 2003. Offshore wind energy projects feasibility study guidelines seawind. [19] Sueyoshi, T., Goto, M., 2011. Measurement of Returns to Scale and Damages to Scale for DEA-based operational and environmental assessment: How to manage desirable (good) and undesirable (bad) outputs? European Journal of Operational Research 211, 76–89. [20] The European Wind Energy Association, 2012. Thirty years growing together (Annual Report 2011). [21] Westerberg, V., Jacobsen, J.B., Lifran, R., 2013. The case for offshore wind farms, artificial reefs and sustainable tourism in the French mediterranean. Tourism Management 34, 172–183.
The presenting team started out by giving a background about the industry and the companies. The main issue and financial terms were explained. However we feel that some of the assumptions such as Merck's flexibility to back out from building the plant in case of failure were not clearly mentioned. They failed to explain why Davanrik's market risk was lower than its stand alone risk. Discounted cash flow method which is the traditional financial tool for evaluating capital allocation was rejected without explanation. We can rationalize not using DCF for its inability to capture risk uncertainty. Passive investments such as stocks and bonds are good candidates to use DCF on. Once these investments are made investors cannot influence the cash flow generation. We agree that decision tree can be used to make preliminary judgment and real option analysis can be used to get more definitive answer. We think that sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis could have been useful since all inputs may change over time.
... locations tourist decide to visit next. The Government has noticed the environmental impact that tourism poses on the Reef and stepped in to help, by providing a sustainable solution to the issue at hand; a Long Term Sustainability Plan. This plan ensures that certain areas of the reef are protected and looked after. Even though Tourism contributes many negative impacts to the sustainability of the reef it helps keep it alive and running; so in all tourism is a beneficial factor to the Reefs sustainability. A recommendation that could be considered would be for the Australian Government to promote The Great Barrier Reef a lot more then they currently do; make sure international countries are aware of its existence. This way our country will have more and more tourists each peak season and more capitol will be coming into our economy. ( Australian Government, 2014)
F. D. Mahmood Shafiee, "An FMEA-Based Risk Assessment Approach for Wind TurbineSystems: A Comparative Study of Onshore and Offshore " Energies, vol. 7, pp. 619-642, 2014.
This case study will take a critical approach to the human impacts on coral reefs in a global context, it will further highlight management strategies and problems that adventure tourism faces in these areas. Further providing a critical analysis of the reasons proposed to explain the popularity of coral reefs.
Data Envelopment Analysis calculates the best-practice frontier for a given sample using piecewise linear programming. It then indicates the relative inefficiency of other units by measuring the distance between these units and the best practice frontier. These models can be input oriented (seeking to minimize inputs while retaining a constant output) or output oriented (seeking to maximize outputs while holding inputs constant). In this instance outputs would be factors indicating general wellbeing, while inputs would be the resources available to the state. One advantage to this approach is that it is highly modular and flexible for use with multi-output and multi-input treatments. Additionally, DEA can be extended to construct dynamic indices by use of the Malmquist Index technique. However use of this technique depends upon access on an inclusive set ‘output’ and ‘input’ variables necessary to model the relevant technology.
An analysis of the field data based on the following hypothesis: “The dynamic coastal environment requires the implementation of coastal management strategies to ensure its sustainability.”
Energy is the basic necessity of daily life. Nowadays, dependence on fossil fuels for energy needs becoming lower in numerous countries due to the potential of renewable energy to supply sustainable energy to the huge populations in many developing countries who are short of clean and continues energy. Generally, renewable energy can be defined as energy that is derived from natural resources which are constantly replenished and theoretically inexhaustible. Fossil fuels on the other hand can be described as energy that cannot be renewed and will eventually diminish. Thus, in many developing countries renewable energy is the alternative energy to replace non-renewable energy or commonly known as fossil fuels. In addition, according to Sorensen (2004), there is a greater demand for renewable energy sources nowadays due to the uncertainty of fuel price rise in living expenses. Commonly, there are many types of renewable energy available in our world such as wind power, biomass energy, solar energy, hydroelectric power and geothermal energy. However, the main three example of renewable energy are hydroelectric power, solar and biomass energy (Refer to Figure 1 in Appendix 1).
Effectiveness in Achieving Environmental Sustainability Both beaches’ management responses have not achieved a great deal in terms of increasing environmental sustainability. Many of the measures implemented by both beaches are similar or the same, and most are helping the environment in the short term, to the detriment of the beach in the long-term, thus not facilitating environmental sustainability. For instance, the sea walls that exist on both beaches will, in the long run, result in more beach erosion, and as a result lessening environmental sustainability.
Some habitats will avoid areas that have disturbance and will never return to that area. When building these wind turbines, they should be placed as far offshore as possible, avoid sensitive areas, try not to build near areas that are already indicated by the state or federal government to have problems, and utilize best management practices to try to minimize project risk.
Barbados is recognized as a leader in addressing the concerns of SIDS and was instrumental in drafting the widely adopted policy for sustainable development strategies in SIDS, called the Barbados Programme of Action. In terms of sustainable coastal tourism objectives, these are addressed indirectly through the Physical Development Plan and national development policy instruments, but they are regionally acclaimed for their coastal zone management practices (United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2000; Scruggs & Bassett, 2013).
Energy can be put into two broad categories Renewable energy and none renewable energy. Renewable energy sources can be reused continually as they are abundantly found in nature. All of them are non-polluting but devices used to collect the energy may impact the environment adversely. They are free but producing storage equipment or converting them into another form of energy may be costly.
One of the most compelling arguments for the use of renewable energy is how many forms exist of it. Nuclear power, solar power, wind power, tidal power, hydroelectric power, pumped storage, wave power, geothermal power, biomass, and biogas are the most widely known renewable energy sources (Darvill, 2013). This large selection of fuels supports the idea of renewable fuels one day powering the entire planet. All the sources of energy have different niches and benefits. Solar energy is extremely effective when providing energy for small establishments such as a house or small store, but hydrothermal power would be a more plausible solution for factories or large establishments....
With the depletion of fossil fuel resources comes speculations and debates about alternative energy sources. The world, including the Philippines, is practically dependent on a dwindling non-renewable source of energy. Today, experts are debating about and considering three options: Nuclear, Solar, or Wind Energy. Everyone has been accustomed to the bad image of nuclear energy as a result of the Chernobyl and Fukushima incidents above all others. The popular belief is that radiation from a nuclear meltdown is very harmful to humans and other living things—which is true—and that nuclear power plants are very dangerous and not ideal—which is not. According to Smith, et. al (n.d), all the nuclear disasters that ever occurred were caused by human error and natural disasters like tsunamis, not one because of system failure. Putting the false beliefs aside, with proper engineering and adequate maintenance by experts, a nuclear power plant is a very ideal and viable source of energy for the following reasons:
Deal, W. (n.d.). Wind power: An emerging energy resource.Technology & Engineering Teacher, 70(1), 9-15. Retrieved from http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?sid=a747d6c4-9f9f-4066-be3e-d7d26a427ef2@sessionmgr115&vid=1&hid=114&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWNvb2tpZSxpcCxjcGlkJmN1c3RpZD1zc2Mmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZlJnNjb3BlPXNpdGU=
Small renewable units should be installed at rural areas and big units near to the cities.