Remarks on the Spoudaios in Plotinus
Who is the Plotinian spoudaios and what is his function in the Enneads? This question turns out to be fundamental, especially when trying to make out an ethical dimension in Plotinus. Treatise I 4 [46] offers, concerning that question, not only the longest sustained discussion of the spoudaios, but also shows how highly problematic it is to figure out more precisely his characteristics. This is due to the terminological ambiguity with the term sophos, which is also the reason why the two terms are often considered synonymous by translators. It appears in I 4 that this ambiguity is closely related to the question of aisthesis. And this is also perhaps the main problematic point concerning the spoudaios: he is instituted by Plotinus as the paradigm of the ‘living man,’ but is still described as someone who has detached himself from the bounds of the sensible world. So this leads to several conclusions concerning the Plotinian conception of ethical implication.
1. status questionis
Who is the plotinian spoudaios and what is his function in the Enneads? This question occurs especially in regard to treatise I 4 [46] which offers the longest sustained discussion of the spoudaios.
The main problem which presents itself as regards the term spoudaios is its apparent terminological similarity with sophos. As most translations show, both terms seem to be taken as almost synonymous, the most problematic one being Bréhier's French translation of the Enneads where spoudaios and sophos figure as the wise (le sage). This has mainly to do with the tradition of the term of spoudaios, as will be shown further on.
What I would like to show in this paper is that the function of the spoudaios has b...
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...ry similar formulation in the pseudoplatonic Definitions: "spoudaios: o teleios agathos; ho echon ten autou areten "(415e).
(10) Even though within the three Ethics the status of the spoudaios turns out not to be totally equivalent. It is not possible to discuss further this point, as it would lead to considerations which go beyond the purpose of this paper.
(11) NE III, 1113a32-33.
(12) H. v. Arnim, Stoicorum veterum fragmenta, Teubner, Stuttgart, 1964, vol. III.
(13) In Philo, vol. IX, trad. Colson, p. 10-100.
(14) Which is the Henry-Schwyzer version, while Armstrong and Bréhier read: "kan spoudaios e autarkes…"
(15) Which is the classic argument since Aristotle, NE, I. 10. 1100a8 and 11. 1101a8.
(16) All quotations are from Armstrongs translation, whereas I keep the Greek terms for spoudaios and sophos, so to avoid further ambiguities.
Webster, Michael. “Greek History and the Gods.” Grand Valley State University. Web. 15 Dec. 2009 .
in Context database. (Accession No. GALE|EJ2108102433)Crime and punishment. (n.d.). Retrieved April 1, 2014, from The Learning Curve website: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/candp/punishment/g03/ g03cs1.htm Definition of torture. (n.d.). Retrieved April 2, 2014, from Middle Ages Torture
In this study, the effect of temperature on yellow-bellied slider turtle (Trachemys scripta scripta) reproductive rates will be measured. The experiment will be controlled in a laboratory setting to determine whether either higher or lower temperatures will cause the reproductive rates of the turtle to increase or decrease. Reproductive rate, according to Pianka (1997), is defined as “average number of age class zero offspring produced by an average newborn organism during its entire lifetime.” This is important as the number of offspring produced by the species determines the growth of the population.
Crowder, L.B., Crouse, D.T., Heppel,S.S., &Martin, T.H. 1994. Predicting the impact of turtle excluder devices on loggerhead sea-turtle populations. Ecolocical Applications (4), 437-445
The Chelonia mydas, also known as the Hawaiian green sea turtle, or as Honu here in Hawaii, have roamed the oceans for millions of years. Forty years ago this beautiful species was almost completely removed from this earth, but was saved by the U.S. endangered species act of 1973. These magnificent creatures can now be found in abundance in the coastal strand and open ocean biomes of the North shore in Oahu, Hawaii. The green sea turtles occupy different habitats such as; beaches for nesting, open ocean convergence zones and coastal areas for benthic feeding. Unlike other sea turtles, the Honu don’t only use the beaches for nesting, they use them for thermoregulation in the sun. These green sea turtles have behaviors and characteristics
This particular sea turtle has many unique physical characteristics that set it apart from other sea turtles. These turtles are rather small when compared to others. The average measurements for weight and length are 80 kg and 87 cm (Edelman). “The carapace (top shell) has a tortoiseshell coloring, ranging from dark to golden brown, with streaks of orange, red, and/or black…. [and] the plastron (bottom shell) is clear yellow (Hawksbill Sea Turtle).” Although male and females both look similar, males tend to be more colorful, have a concave plastron, long claws, and a thicker tail and females have a carapace that curves outward. Other features besides color are, two claws on each front limb, two pairs of prefrontal scales on the head, and a toothless mouth with strong jaws that are capable of crushing and biting its food (Edelman) (Hawksbill Sea Turtle, National Wildlife).
On the planet, there are hundreds of thousands of different species of animals. Turtles, being in the reptilian family of the animal kingdom, are thought to have only two types of species. These types are land and water turtles. However, this is not true. For example, having observed “Turtles unlimited” (iNaturalist, 2015), which is a research project that specializes in reptilian behavior and habitat of turtles, people will come to realize the importance of the different types of turtle species currently observable (U.S. Fish Wildlife Service, 2011). In Florida, there are over twenty types of species that exist today. For example, people, like this researcher, can observe the red-bellied Cooter turtles. Florida is known for its amazing wildlife, but it is also known for its growing human population. With all the trash in Venetians Gardens, it is an environmental
Archibald, Zofia. Discovering the World of the Ancient Greeks. New York: Facts On File, 1991. Print.
Sea turtle is one of long distance migratory species in the marine environment. There are four out of seven species of sea turtles recorded to nest in Terengganu, Malaysia which includes Leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea), Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas), Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata), and Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea). Stranding is defined as any sea turtle, dead or alive with abnormalities (injured, weak, diseases) washes ashore or near the shore (Vélez-Rubio et al., 2013). With the increasing of public awareness, more sighting of stranded sea turtles were reported which helped to improve the data collection. Stranding of sea turtles in this studies focus on carcasses found along Terengganu beaches in 2014. By collecting data about stranded sea turtles, information such as death causes and its natal origin can be determine from the carcass itself.
People harvested the eggs in truckload sizes throughout 1940’s and 1960’s and sold them in little towns in Texas and Mexico (Texas Parks & Wildlife). The Kemp Ridley’s Sea turtle was put on the “Endangered Species Conservation Act of 1970” on December 2, 1970 (Fisheries). This has become a massive setback, it initiated their nesting activity to be called “arribadas” (National Geographic). When a “arribada” occurs, all female sea turtles take over the seashore in pursuit of the perfect space to place her offspring. A female Kemp Ridley Sea Turtle is sexually mature once it is 10 - 12 years old which means reproduction rates are low as many females don’t survive to this maturity level. With that being said, the nesting grounds are now being safeguarded. The
Sea turtles are a very well known marine species. But not many people really know the true stories behind sea turtles. They are considered a very endangered species in the marine ecosystem therefore the aim of this study is to inform people a more in depth view of sea turtles, including the characteristics of sea turtles. Such as, the different types of sea turtles, their habitats, and their reproductive system. Also a few real life cases that involves stories about sea turtles that are harmed. The results of this study implied that human actions could effect the sea turtles population, as well as other aquatic animals.
Sea Turtles are currently endangered or critically endangered depending on their species. There are four main reasons that lead to this terrible news. The first reason and one of the most important reasons that sea turtles are dying out is called bycatch. This means that sea turtles are getting caught by accident in fishing gear. When this happens, the turtle is restricted from breathing because they drown with the heavy gear. They are like humans in the sense that they need to get their head out of the water to breathe just lik...
W KOINON autadelfon Ismhnhs kara, ar oisq o ti Zeus twn ap Oidipou kakwn opoion ouci nwn eti zwsain telei; (Sophocles I.i. 1-3)
Strict adherence to gender roles might explain mothers being viewed as more authoritative and sometimes more permissive, while fathers are traditionally viewed as authoritarian. However, current research suggests fathers nowadays are increasingly becoming more nurturing, affectionate, and interactive in the daily lives of their young children, contradicting the traditional belief that fathers are authoritarians (Roopnarine, Talukder, Jain, Joshi, & Srivastav, 1...
Finally, the theory of Ideas reaches new height in the Sophists. The theory of Ideas in this work is a new concept because he redefines and extends it. The Sophist presents that there are hierarchy of Ideas and the whole complex of Ideas in defining the meaning of Sophistry. There are five categories of the sophist: motion and rest, sameness, difference, being, and non-being. Plato uses logos to define the meaning of each of the categories in which the being is dynamic and there is relationship among them which unity is important.