When someone mentions “witch hunts”, we tend to think about the witchcraft trials that took place during the 14th-16th centuries in Europe or even the Salem Witch trials that accorded during the beginnings of America. Fueled by mass hysteria and fear, the results of these trials ended in burnings or lynching of those believed to be associated with witchcraft. At the heart of these trials we find the influence of society (i.e., widespread fear) and politics which in this case involved the legal courts. Witch hunts were sustained for so long because they were effective in limiting social deviancy, any variation of the norm would land you with the stigma of practicing witchcraft. Since the witch hunts ended with the deaths of so many (mainly innocent) individuals, the idea of conducting a witch hunt has garnered a negative social connotation. Though we would like to believe, however, that the days of being consumed by such irrationality as the witch hunts are over, the 1950s hunt for communists proves this belief false. Similar to the way the idea McCarthyism was accepted, modern day witch hunts have come under the guise of maintaining stability and social order. The responsibility of control is deferred to individuals in positions of political and religious power, for these are the people who can manipulate governmental laws and impact social opinions in favor of social normalcy which influences gender ideology.
To understand how laws and social opinions can be altered by those in power to reflect the ideals of the majority, we must first know the link between political and religious ideology. In short, religion and politics are the factors that gender ideology are modeled to fit within society. In a political sense, laws...
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...gion, attacks on these ties are met with resistance. That being said, in order to combat threats to social and moral codes religion increases the intensity of its forces (i.e., political and religious powers). An increase in power generally results in an attempt to eliminate threats. This is done so by using political sway and religious policies which are enforced by government officials and religious leaders. It is important to note here that the individuals that come into power bring with them their own sets of beliefs and morals; these individual systems may or may not fall under the realm of societal norms. However, it is here that we find the most utilization of power in order to defend their system of beliefs. As far as gender ideology goes, the very foundations of it hinges upon the decision of those in power to set laws and help shape social opinions.
...they don’t understand. Reactions of witch-hunts were based on misconceived panic and anxiety of anything outside of the common religious beliefs. Because of poor record keeping, the exact numbers of men and women persecuted on the account of being witches may never be accurate enough to decide if it was an issue of misogyny.
The period of witch-hunting existed from around 1450 to 1750, with the height of the European movement between 1560 and 1630. Whilst many have tried to argue that witch-hunting was women-hunting this comment cannot be justified, women were the primary victims of the witch craze but not the only ones, as one in five witches were men. The high percentage of women was not because of a vendetta against the sex but rather the patriarchal understanding that women were more vulnerable to the wills of the devil and therefore more likely to become witches.
Gender inequality has been a major issue for many centuries now. Societies insist in assigning males and females to different roles in life. The traditional stereotypes and norms for how a male and female should present themselves to the world have not changed much over time. But individuals are more than just their gender and should have the right to act and be treated the way they want. The novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston
When someone thinks of a witch, usually he or she thinks about Halloween or the movie The Wizard of Oz. However, during the 16th and 17th century, witches were feared by many. The accusations of witches during this time is the highest reported, more than 500,000 people were tried and more than 100,000 were executed. Many people of the modern era know and believe that witches are not real. This was not the case in the beginning of the 16th century to the end of the 17th century. Individuals were prosecuted as witches because people wanted money and to clean up their community, they were women, and the communities needed a scapegoat for their misfortune.
THE WITCH-HUNT IN MODERN EUROPE By: Brian Levack The Witch-Hunt in Modern Europe by Brian Levack proved to be an interesting as well as insightful look at the intriguing world of the European practice of witchcraft and witch-hunts. The book offers a solid, reasonable interpretation of the accusation, prosecution, and execution for witchcraft in Europe between 1450 and 1750. Levack focuses mainly on the circumstances from which the witch-hunts emerged, as this report will examine. The causes of witch-hunting have been sometimes in publications portrayed differently from reality. The hunts were not prisoner escapee type hunts but rather a hunt that involved the identification of individuals who were believed to be engaged in a secret activity. Sometimes professional witch-hunters carried on the task, but judicial authorities performed most. The cause of most of these hunts is the multi-causal approach, which sees the emergence of new ideas about the witches and changes in the criminal law statutes. Both point to major religious changes and a lot of social tension among society. The intellectual foundations of the hunts were attributed to the witch’s face-to-face pact with the devil and the periodic meetings of witches to engage in practices considered to be barbaric and heinous. The cumulative concept of witchcraft pointed immediately to the devil, the source of the magic and the one most witches adored. There was strong belief then that witches made pacts with the devil. Some would barter their soul to the devil in exchange for a gift or a taste of well being.
In the town of Salem, Massachusetts in 1692, society was greatly centered around the church and its teachings. In this community there was little to no religious diversity, mostly everyone were Protestant. This religion had many restrictions on its followers and influenced how they should behave as well as determine what they are allowed to do. The townspeople took their religion to such an extent to appoint “…a two-man patrol whose duty was to ‘walk forth in the time of God’s worship to take notice of such as either…may be accordingly proceeded against’”(4). The church was also strongly against “vain enjoyment”, restricting Protestant and prohibiting actions such as dancing. The so-called “witch hunt” of 1692 started with Abigail and her friends going into the woods to worship around a fire and saying love spells. Due to fear of the judgment of their society and possible consequences, the girls that were with Abigail that night decided to go along with her story and accused the outcasts of the town of witchcraft. All of the girls, except Mary Warren, conformed to the idea of witchcraft because that was what they were taught growing. However, Mary Warren saw through Abigail Parris’ lies and threats and eventually accu...
The witch-hunt that blazed a trail across Europe (and indeed the world) over the 15th to 18th centuries stripped women of much of the power they had historically held. Not 100% of all accused Witches were female but 75% to 90% of accused witches in Europe were in fact women (Levack, 1987, p.124).
For example, both institutionalized religion and society in the USA and many other countries tend to follow a patriarchal system, where men are viewed as leaders, and are generally given authoritative positions. This blatant sexism can be found within religion, as in Christianity the Bible states, “But I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to usurp authority over the man, but to be in silence” (2 Timothy 2.12). This passage explicitly states that women are not permitted to hold power over men, and this quote is part of a text belonging to a religion that 73%2(pew research forum) of Americans follow. Whether or not a person is Christia...
Women often are put in positions that often create turmoil within themselves. Women tend to make decisions based more on emotion and values as opposed to what is dictated by governing laws and rulers. By choosing to do what is “right in their heart” women often suffer great consequences such as persecution, abuse, exile and even death.
The effects of cultural traditions and institutions are primary factors influences that determine the ideologies of gender and sexuality within societal sects. Authors have explored the theology of the various origins of these elements within society through the science fiction genre and how these elements lead to discrimination and isolation. Authors’ concepts of social structures that formed perceptions of gender and sexuality are created by desensitizing sex through a systematizing of sexual desires and actions.Western culture and society has inserted traditionally social policy in regard to gender and sexuality through religious institutions, while propagating xenophobia
There have been various explanations by different historians for why the majority of Witches accused were woman. One of the first models concerning Witchcraft and gender to be produced was the ‘Witch-cult‘ idea. This theory was devised by Margaret Murray in the early 20th century and revolved around the idea of Witchcraft being an actual pre-Christian religion. This pagan woman-based religion centred around ‘The Horned God’ who from the Christian point of view was Satan. Murray writes that the ‘God of the old religion becomes the Devil of the new.’ This religion concerned woman in that it was being supressed by the Christian Church which was a male dominated organisation with an exclusively male hierarchy. In effect the whole Witch-hunt affair was a persecution of woman by men, both being polar opposites even in religion. Murray’s thesis proved very popular with radical feminists from the 1960s onwards, providing the feminist movement with a sort of rallying point, further exaggerating the sex specific elements in the Murray model. Murray’s thesis however, was attacked from day one and continues to be discredited to this day due to the lack of evidence in support of it and th...
In the late fifteenth through the seventeenth centuries it is evident that superstition and reason was pertained to the beliefs of influential people, resulting in the initial phase and final phase of the witch-hunt. The religious aspects, economic greed, and social stereotypes of the time influenced these beliefs. These three components led to the deaths of many so-called witches across Europe.
The modern day witch hunts are not taken as serious as Salem witch trials, although there are many things alike in many ways witch hunts are not the same concept now at all. Modern day witch hunts aren't really directed as “witches,” more as transracial or overweight etc. It's the way society identifies a person and how they view them on what they don't certainly agree with.
A crucible is defined as a container made with metal or refectory material used for heating substances to a high temperature, but it can also be defined as a severe test or trial. So, how do witch hunts relate to both definitions? Back in 1641 England made witch craft a capital crime, so in 1692 when Abigail Williams claimed that she had seen women in her village working alongside the devil you can only imagine the hysteria and problems that came along with the false accusations and the beliefs of the puritan lifestyle. So this brings us to the point of how lifestyle and the social norms form witch hunts. It seems to be human nature to fear what we do not know and with fear comes hysteria which leads to mob mentality that causes mass amounts of people to put blame on those who they have known for a long time. This blame ruins the lives of many people, and people in modern society, even though many have learned about the Salem Witch Hunt, do not think that we have modern day witch hunts and that brings us to assumptions.
The role of women in religious scripture dictates an inferior position in society. Beginning with the creation of Adam and then Eve, as his helpmate. Her purpose was that Adam would not be lonely. This origin provides the ground work for inequality of genders on the basis of religious scripture. The roles prescribed determined that women should be in a subordinate position to man. The female role and relationship with God is defined by the various books of the Old and New Testaments, the reported actions of Jesus Christ, and finally the Qur'an.