1. According to Locke’s definitions, what is the relationship between qualities and ideas?
According to Locke’s definitions qualities are defined as “non-mental attributes of chunks of matter in the world, they are the things ideas are about” (Bailey 154). In other terms, qualities are the causal properties or as Locke refers to it as “powers”. These powers are of the physical object in virtue that can cause ideas to exist in our minds; for example, the virtue in which they can cause us to have certain kinds of sensations.
Ideas are defined as “mental entities; they constitute our experience to the world” (Bailey 154). Ideas are things that already exist in our minds. Hence, ideas are the sensations in our mind and qualities are the properties of objects that can cause us to have such sensations.
“Whatsoever the mind perceives in itself, or is the immediate object of perception, thought, or understanding, that I call idea; and the power to produce any idea in our mind, I call quality of the of the subject wherein that power is” (Bailey 157). Take a snowball for instance. The external features of a snowball in Locke’s case are ideas. Here ideas help to tell us what the object is because these features are already there. Using the same example, qualities provide us with more in depth information of what is needed to understand what a snowball is through use of our perceptions and sensations that we receive pertaining to and from the snowball.
2. According to Locke’s definitions, what is the difference between primary and secondary qualities?
According to Locke, the difference between primary and secondary qualities is that; “From whence I think it is easy to draw this observation, that the ideas of primary qualities of bodies ...
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..., demonstrative knowledge, for example, that God exists, and sensitive knowledge that there are things in the world, but pressing our knowledge of those things into perfect focus is beyond our ken” (Garvey 55).
All of this relates back to experience and perception as discussed in the previous questions. “Experience only gives us examples, particular truths at best, but we seem to know general truths too.” (Garvey 55). Locke argues this based on his chapters of knowledge and empiricism. Those who wish to know more about something will find ways to get the information they need pertaining to that subject. After all knowledge is fun and we humans learn new things everyday. For some it’s a desire to know as much as they want and for some it’s a desire to want to know more. This is based on a person’s preference and the way in which they perceive the world around them.
John Locke believes that A is identical with B, if and only if, A remembers the thoughts, feelings, and actions had or done by B from a first-person point of view. This shows that the important feature, memory, is linking a person from the beginning of their life to the end of their life. Locke’s memory theory would look something like this: The self changes over time, so it may seem like personal identity changes too. However, even if you are changing, you are still retaining past memories. Therefore, if you can retain memories, memories are the link between you and an earlier you, so personal identity persists over time. So, memory is the necessary and sufficient condition of personal
Hume argues that perception can be divided into two types: impressions and ideas. He states that impressions are our first-hand perception, using all of our senses and emotions to experience them (Hume 2012, 8). For example, an impression of a sensation would be experiencing pain and an impression of reflection would be experiencing anger. Hume states that an idea is thinking about an impression. You cannot use your senses to experience the sensation or emotion, you are just simply reflecting on your experience (Hume 2007, 13). For example, thinking about the pain you felt when you stubbed your toe or thinking about how angry you felt when your football team lost. Hume argues that our thought is limited. He argues that when we imagine things such as an orange sea, we are simply joining two consistent ideas together. Hume argues that ‘all our ideas or more feeble perceptions are copies of our impressions or more lively ones’ (Hume 2007, 13). This is called the Copy Principle.
The belief that the human state of mind is blank or else referred to as tabula rasa and knowledge is obtained through experience is an omnipresent idea throughout Locke’s writing An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Written in the late 17th century, this philosophical work brings a ground-breaking thought on understanding the purpose of philosophy which focus should be placed on explaining thinking rather than creating systems (Goldie 32). As such, this writing embodied an essential tool in analyzing the role that philosophy had in the 17th century while reframing and redir...
Blank slate; purity; cleanliness these are the three pieces that John Locke describes in his essay An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. John Locke who was a well known philosopher implements blank slate because he reveals that for innate principles were the building blocks of humanity. Locke was overt about innateness of moral principles. For he once said, “Conscience no proof of any innate moral rule” (Locke Bk 1. Ch 3.par 8). Locke explores the concept of innate principle by portraying that the rights of citizenships should not be based upon morals, but based upon a persons own thinking. In the article John Locke, Property Rights, and Economic Theory, the author contributes, “What is not arguable is that some portion of t...
Man takes note of the consequences his actions have, and form his habits accordingly. Impressions are more lively and forcible due to experiencing an action, while ides/thoughts are less forcible and less lively because they are only reflections and only thinking of an action. Hume explains this in, “Impression, then, I mean all our more lively perceptions…Love, or hate, see, or feel...and impressions are distinguished from ideas, which are the less lively perceptions.” Hume also explains in the next quote explains that impressions or sense are superior to ideas alone, “…all our ideas or more feeble perceptions are copies of our impressions or more lively ones…first, when we analyze our thoughts or ideas… they resolve themselves into such simple ideas as were copied from a precedent feeling or sentiment.”
...omprehensible knowledge of a particular sort. After derisively comparing those believers in sense-certainty's capabilities of Knowledge to animals and Eleusinian devotees, Hegel returns to his theme of Knowledge as communication through language, insisting that to make a claim about the knowledge contained in sense-certainty is: "not to know what one is saying, to be unaware that one is saying the opposite of what one wants to say" (Hegel, 109). Left with the thingness or being of sense-certainty as an undifferentiated, universal and unintelligible generality, Hegel concludes by abandoning sense-certainty in its own right and moving on to the next level of complexity, namely perception, or thingness as understood the properties that define it.
Locke feels that we do not have any innate ideas. Then the question arises of
Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white paper void of all characters, without any ideas. How comes it to be furnished? Whence comes it by that vast store which the busy and boundless fancy of man has painted on it with an almost endless variety? Whence has it all the materials of reason and knowledge? To this I answer, in one word, from experience (Locke, 1690/1947, bk. II, chap. 1, p.26).
I will argue that Locke believed that if you remain the same person, there are various entities contained in my body and soul composite that do not remain the same over time, or that we can conceive them changing. These entities are matter, organism (human), person (rational consciousness and memory), and the soul (immaterial thinking substance). This is a intuitive interpretation that creates many questions and problems. I will evaluate Locke's view by explaining what is and what forms personal identity, and then explaining how these changes do conceivably occur while a human remains the same person.
...received through the senses and experience. Locke makes a statement in Book II about experience, which says, "In that all our Knowledge is founded; and from that it ultimately derives itself."
The first philosopher, John Locke, laid the foundations of modern empiricism. Locke is a representational realist who touches reality through feelings. He believes that experience gives us knowledge (ideas) that makes us able to deal with the world external to our minds. His meaning of ideas is "the immediate object of perception, thought, or understanding." Locke's ideas consist of simply ideas which turn into complex ideas. Simple ideas are the thoughts that the mind cannot know an idea that it has not experienced. The two types of simple ideas are; sensation and reflection. Sensation is the idea that we have such qualities as yellow, white, heat, cold, soft, hard, bitter, and sweet. Reflection ideas are gained from our experience of our own mental operations. Complex ideas are combinations of simple ideas that can be handled as joined objects and given their own names. These ideas are manufactured in the human mind by the application of its higher powers. Locke believes in two kinds of qualities that an object must have; primary and secondary. Primary qualities o...
As Locke advances into his reasoning, he expands on the definition of a person, as beings that are able to rationalize, perceive, and contemplate. These are all faculties that are in fact “conscious” or in other words, things that we are self- aware of. A person is aware of themselves as well as their surroundings, which they are able to perceive through their senses and from there, they are able to internally rationalize, think and interpret. Locke’s definition of a person would require them to possess a certain level of intellectual understanding and poses innate characteristic, such as those possessed by human, however this will evidently exclude all other animals from this category. The contextual meaning of consciousness also helps derive of the concept of self.
John Locke’s Essay on Human Understanding his primary thesis is our ideas come from experience, that the human mind from birth is a blank slate. (Tabula Rasa) Only experience leaves an impression in our brain. “External objects impinge on our senses,” which interpret ate our perceptions of various objects. The senses fill the mind with content. Nothing can exist in the mind that was not first experienced by the senses. Dualism resembles Locke’s theory that your mind cannot perceive something that the senses already have or they come in through the minds reflection on its own operation. Locke classifies ideas as either simple or complex, simple ideas being the building blocks for complex ideas.
That everything in our mind is in idea. It all could be developed by human reason, not innate ideas. Locke goes on to describe his theory in order for your mind to gain knowledge humans will have to fill it up their brain with ideas, and learn through their five senses. Since, the innate ideas was not that relevant to Locke he needed to come up with another perceptions. Locke then suggested that external experience called as sensations; this experience which we can attain our knowledge through our senses that we have such as smells, touch and color. In other words, it is about analyses the characteristics of an object. The second kind of experience which Locke mentions is internal experience known as reflection, it is summarize those personal experience such as our thoughts, thinking, and feelings. He says that all knowledge come from sensations or reflection, “These two are the fountains of knowledge, from whence all the ideas we have, or can naturally have,” (page186). Therefore, the sense and observation make up the whole of knowledge. On the contrary, as for Descartes views he believes we do have innate
So the mind at birth is a tabula rasa, a blank slate, and is informed only by “experience,” that is, by sense experience and acts of reflection. Locke built from this an epistemology beginning with a pair of distinctions: one between SIMPLE and COMPLEX ideas and another between PRIMARY and SECONDARY qualities. Simple ideas originate in any one sense (though some of them, like “motion,” can derive either from the sense of sight or the sense of touch). These ideas are simple in the sense that they cannot be further broken down into yet simpler entities. (If a person does not understand the idea of “yellow,” you can’t explain it to him. All you can do is point to a sample and say, yellow.) These simple ideas are Locke’s primary data, his psychological atoms. All knowledge is in one way or another built up out of them.