There is an abundant amount of existing literature that proposes that females are less likely than males to cycle for transport in countries with low bicycle transport mode share, such as The United States. I will investigate the relationship between gender and bicycling behaviour, and whether female commuter cyclists are more likely to use certain types of bicycle infrastructure over others. Relative to utilitarian bicycling, the study of gender issues in planning leads to the success of social inclusion as well as economic regeneration, and bicycling as a form of active transportation is important due to its individual, social, economic, and environmental benefits. (Garrard, Crawford & Hakman, 2006) These include health benefits, traffic congestion reduction, social inclusion, and job generation. (Garrard, et al, 2006) Therefore this research seeks to answer the question: is there a divide between preferences in bicycle infrastructure between male and female cyclists in cities with low bicycle transport mode share such as Toronto? This research is significant because the decision to cycle is effected by gender, and understanding why this occurs will help in the creation of a plan to improve the current unequal trends. Literature has suggested that although men and women experience similar opportunities and constraints, their perceptions in terms of safety and feasibility of alternative transportation modes differ. (Akar, Fischer & Namgung, 2013) The purpose of this research is dominantly explanatory as it focuses on why the unbalance exists and works to identify the sources of this social behaviour and document its causes. (Neuman, Lawrence & Robson, 2012) However it is also exploratory as the topic of cycling infrastructure pre... ... middle of paper ... ... the Research Ethics Board prior to the conduct of research. Participation will be voluntary; they will have informed consent, will possess anonymity and confidentiality, and will be at least eighteen years of age. The key limitations of this study will be the costs that will accompany this research, as well as the amount of time it will take to conduct and lack of manpower. Internal validity will be a challenge as my personal characteristics and beliefs as a cyclist will need to be monitored to avoid bias. The analysis of qualitative research is muddled and does not follow a straight line, which is largely contributed to the inductive reasoning method. It is important to speak on the plausibility of interpretations rather than the truth of findings in qualitative analysis, and this is the expense of using interviews and focus groups instead of quantitative surveys.
Posters were used during World War II by the U.S. government to get a significant message across to their citizens. To analyze a poster it is important to think about the choice of color, placement of words and images, shapes, and emotional appeal ( Lunsford and Ruszkiewicz 91). All of these factor into the message the author is trying to explain to its viewers visually. In the poster “When You Ride Alone,” the message the author was trying to get across to Americans was the importance of carpooling. This poster successfully conveys the message through the words,color scheme and representation of objects.
ISTEA Sec. 1033 (1991) authorized the allocation of national highway system funds as well as federal land highway funds to support the construction of bicycle and walking paths adjacent to highway systems and refurbishing bridges for pedestrian use, up to 80 percent of total cost (“Intermodal Surface Transportation”,1991). At the conclusion of the 6 year scope, ISTEAs impact was viewed as minimal, at best. Dilger (2003) cites a lack of public interest by the American people as the catalyst for the “failure”. Americans would much rather drive to their destination as opposed to riding a bicycle or walking (p. 60).
The great changes in American society that came with the introduction bicycle in the late 19th century are often overshadowed by the influence of the automobile in the following decades. Today, bicycles are often seen as an alternative mode of transportation - a cleaner and more environmentally conscious form of travel. Because of this, it may be difficult to realize the incredible modernizing effects that bicycles had on American society when they were first introduced. Manufacturing and marketing techniques introduced by the bicycle industry were massive steps towards modern industrial practices. In addition, by making individual travel available to many people for the first time, bicycles changed the speed at which life flowed in much of America. Bicycles granted a degree of personal freedom of mobility to many for the first time, and their effect on the women's rights movement of the time was notable. Bicycles were used in war, by police, and by the postal service, among others. In countless walks of life, the availability of personal travel offered by bicycles had an incredible impact on American society.
This literature review will look into cycling as a means of transportation, for both commuter and recreational purposes, as well as look in depth, the question of just how much can cycling improve both our mental and physical health? The review will examine/critique the statistics that try to prove the affects of physical activity for public health, as well as outline the strengths of each claim and expose the weaknesses. The great philosopher Plato said that the "lack of activity [in society] destroys the good condition of every human being, while movement and methodical physical exercise save it and preserve it". This review will outline the dilemma we face in todays society; it ultimately can be referred to, as David Bannister suggests, the fascination with 'distance, speed and time'. For these three qualities are so domineering in our lives today and the effects (both positive and negative) play a substantial part in our lives. The review will critique the writings of scholars such as Tranter, Bannister, Racioppi, Tight and Lindsay as they attempt to define the importance of physical activity for public health.
Sports become stereotyped as gender-neutral, feminine, or masculine based on conceptions regarding gender, gender differences, and beliefs about the appropriateness of participation due to gender (Colley et al., 1987; Csizma, Wittig, & Schurr, 1988; Koivula, 1995; Matteo, 1986). Sports labeled as feminine seem to be those that allow women participants to act in accordance with the stereotyped expectations of femininity (such as being graceful and nonagressive) and that provide for beauty and aesthetic pleasure (based on largely male standards). A sport is labeled as masculine if it involves the following: 1) attempts to physically overpower the opponent(s) by bodily contact; 2) a direct use of bodily force to a heavy object; 3) a projection of the body into or through space over distance; and 4) face-to-face competition in situations in which bodily contact may occur. These characteristics are believed to be appropriate expressions of masculine attributes such as aggressiveness, effectiveness, and power (Metheny, 1965; Koivula, 2001).
Do you ever feel like you are waiting at a red light in your car for what seems like forever? Well, that’s because “ The average person throughout their lifetime spends five years waiting in lines and queues where roughly six months of that is waiting at traffic lights”(How). Cities and towns have faced a transportation problem and they are looking for ways to tackle the issue. Transportation is a big part of one’s everyday life, and it is impossible to avoid it. Transportation plays a crucial role in the way we travel to things like school and work. Humans need transportation to get from place A to place B. There are different kinds of transportation, but the most common one in modern society is automobiles. Although transportation of automobiles is a quick way of traveling at the moment. Automobiles bring issues like health problems, air pollution, and high expenses. This is because humans always manage to take the easy way out without looking at the long-term effects that come with automobiles.
The positive effects of bike sharing is mostly focused on environmental sustainability and the health benefits that are experienced by the users. As the main aim of this bike sharing system it is able to help in “greening” the city, ideally with more bikes it will lower the purchase rate of cars, leading to the reduction of greenhouse gases and helping out with goal warning and improvements in the air quality of high population cities. Bike sharing reduces the dependency on fossil fuels, carbon emissions and other harmful pollutants. Walking and biking does not produce any carbon emissions, when the metro, public bus and private cars produce more than 0.2 pounds of carbon emissions.
This ensures the transport system offers viable transport options and modes, which allows society to derive welfare from the equal access to opportunities, goods, services, employment, housing and recreation (Martin and Rice, 2014). Greater consideration of accessibility in spatial planning is required to target the spatial distribution and quantity of opportunities (Pyrialakou et al., 2016). This will reduce temporal constraints of transportation linkages for people, as well as, enabling an understanding of the individual demographic characteristics that impede people’s access (Pyrialakou et al., 2016). In addition, the social equity dimension of transport systems exhibits a need to minimise transport-related social exclusion, through improving access for those currently facing the greatest transport-induced inequalities (Pyrialakou et al., 2016). A sustainable transport system must identify individuals, communities and regions with distorted transport-supplies to ensure a more equitable distribution of transport infrastructure, which can meet the accessibility needs of these
Cycling is one of the most effective exercises to get fit and burn body fat once done consistently.
Gender is a social construct rather than biologically given that outlines the behaviours, roles, activities and attributes that a particular society agrees to be appropriate for men and women. The assignment of these roles and traits can create gender equities — the division of gender and favouring one group more than the other. Since gender hugely influences the foundation of our behaviours, characteristics, activities and roles, it can be concluded that everything people do, own or even think is systematically categorised into men and women. One of the areas that social constructions of masculinity and femininity play a significant role is sport. David Rowe has stated that “since the institutional establishment of sport as a regulated, professionalized
I. Teaching anyone to ride a bike is a most memorable experience, but having them obey the rules and regulations when riding is one of peoples first exposures to obeying the law. Cycling is a great way to exercise as well as a convenient mode of transportation. But before you start riding you should take a few minutes to consider some important safety precautions.
The activity of bike riding has become more common as a use of transportation, most individuals are in favor of bikes becoming a primary source for travel; however, there are some individuals who disagree with bicycles being the new way of transporting from place to place. In a statement supporting the argument of pro-bike riding, the President of the League of American Bicyclists, Andy Clarke, mentions that “there are so many reasons more people are riding, from improving their health to protecting the environment,” she also adds “especially in tough economic times, bicycling can also be an economic catalyst, keeping billions of dollars in the pockets of American families.” In addition, more than 80 percent of Americans support maintaining or increasing federal funding for biking, which makes it seem as if Ms. Clarke’s opinion on the topic is in agreement with the majority of the nation. On the contrary, some people may argue that bikes do have negative impacts on the environment, particularly those associated with their production and disposal. In my opinion, bike riding is a healthy, economically-efficient, and environmentally beneficial mode of transportation.
However, cycling represents low social status and it has a bad image in some countries which means cyclist is apparently could not afford to buy a new car. This is not the case in Netherlands where the use of bicycle is the same for almost every population group. Cycling reflects an environmentally aware and sporty lifestyle in Netherlands. Cyclists are also fairly vulnerable as the safety of cyclist in Netherlands has steadily improved year by year since the cycling infrastructures had been improved and build involving the conduct of road users and the attention of policy-makers pay to the
Storage capacity is affected by the number of vehicle lanes and a mix of partnerships, different benefits. Compared to the motorcyclists themselves, benefit sharing lanes include reduced travel time and increased travel time reliability. These benefits can be achieved by keeping the bike in motion and passing stopped or slow-moving traffic. The Wigan report cites research from Melbourne, Australia (locations where lane sharing allowed), indicating that the modes of transport for bicycles, cars, trains, buses, motorcycles, and trains, and the third highest average speed of the journey is a short time for motorcycles (2002). According to the results of a UK study, the potential for reduced travel time and improved journey time reliability has made sharing a more attractive hallway.
Firstly, Driving is not considered to be a dangerous task that requires special requirements in order to perfect. Furthermore, driving rules and laws are put to encourage the drivers to drive responsibly and safely, abiding by such rules and regulations makes driving an easy task for all drivers regardless of their gender. According to THE GUTTMACHER organization, the increase of road accidents is caused by women due to their mental restrictions; however, men can also have mental issues and should be forbidden to drive if such issue is present. Furthermore, According to THE MIND organization, mental health affects the driver, whether male or female. Therefore, women are not the cause of inconvenience on the road. Moreover, women can practice racing in some countries, such as Le Mans 24-hour racing event, w...