Regional delivery of drug via transdermal administration could be a better treatment option as this route is expected to be associated with lesser side effects due to targeting of drug to the specific site. Moreover, in case of any untoward effect due to the drug, the therapy can be terminated immediately, simply by removing the formulation/patch at any point of time. In addition, transdermal route also provides sustained release of drug and in turn prolonged therapeutic effect (2, 3). Generally, the success of topical or transdermal drug delivery relies on the ability of the drug to cross the stratum corneum barrier of the skin. Although, the stratum corneum barrier can be overcome by use of penetration enhancers to a certain extent, the approach is not likely to enhance the bioavailability of drug to the muscle or deeper tissues significantly due to rapid dermal clearance of the drug (4). Absorption of drugs into deep seated tissues like muscle and joints can be enhanced by reducing the dermal clearance using vasoconstrictors. Several research groups have shown that use of vasocons...
It works by decreasing swelling of the larynx, usually within six hours of the first dose and it can minimize the need for hospitalization, decrease dose of other drugs and has no long-term consequences. In fact, there was a study about the effectiveness of steroids treatment at the pediatric ward of Hatyai Hospital. Chub-Uppakarn (2007) identified that both inhaled and systemic steroids work within one hour and dramatically reduce morbidity, hospitalization time and intubation. Interestingly, they have concluded that the use of a lower oral dose of a systemic steroid is acceptable and also effective as the larger doses. Another alternative medication that could be given to Jack is the nebulized Adrenaline (Epinephrine). It reduces swelling in the airway and works faster than dexamethasone too. It works for a short time period and may be given every 15 to 20 minutes for severe symptoms (Bjornson,2011). With regards in giving medications, it is the nurse’s responsibility to follow basic principles such as doing hand washing beforehand and doing the right preparation of the medications. Each time the nurse
...tive to intrathecal administration of morphin than tactil allodynia. Therefore, examination of both modalities is important when examining the spinal pharmacology of the nerve-injured state
In some cases, prescription or over the counter medications applied directly to the lesions may be helpful. Examples include:
In distinction, an alternative way of treatment can be efficient in various circumstances and there is a common approval that its methods can be valuable and advant...
The Beauty Industry being such a wide market of services and products include providing for the care of our skin, hair, selling of perfumes and cosmetics (“What is the Beauty Industry?”2014) and now developing more extensively into basic cosmetic surgery and treatments, now gives society a big opportunity to pamper and nourish themselves in more extensive ways. Throughout this essay, the branches of dermatology and dermal therapies will be explained; common skin disorders and specifically a treatment called ‘Ultrasonic Peeling’ and how it can potentially help with skin disorders imposed today will be explored and described in detail. After the investigation of what Ultrasonic Peeling is and how it works, I will also state my opinion on how well I think the treatment benefits its users, give my evaluation if I would consider using it, what I think the positives and negatives are and in scenario, assess whether it is a treatment that more salons should consider offering.
Discuss the possible drug and excipient-related constrains of the formulation (no identity of the drug was given to you at this
...have been either a patch worn on the upper arm, or a gel based formula applied directly to the skin. Testosterone gel and patches are applied daily, and absorb harmlessly through the skin. Another popular testosterone replacement therapy is injections. These injections are typically administered every 1-2 weeks, depending on the patient. A Buccal Tablet is applied to the gum, where testosterone is absorbed over a 12-hour period. They are taken twice daily. And finally, testosterone pellets are placed under the skin near the hip by a doctor during a surgical procedure.
Current Status of the Use of Modalities in Wound Care: Electrical Stimulation and Ultrasound Therapy: William J. Ennis, D.O.,M.B.A.,Claudia Lee, M.P.T.,Malgorzata Plummer, M.D.,Patricio Meneses, Ph.D.
Intrinsa is a transdermal matrix patch which is used to maintain the testosterone level in body fluid required in case of surgically menopausal women receiving concomitant estrogen therapy. It delivers constant low dose of the hormone systematically into serum avoiding first pass hepatic metabolism. Although before its approval it was tested for its pharmacology,
Then obtained permission from the patient for the next procedure with a number 15 blade to penetrate the left lateral hallux nail. But patient could not tolerate the pain and it interfered me to proceed further and deeper. With a supervisor and the patient permission, I decided to inject a local anaesthetic of Xylocaine 2% on the dorsum of both proximal IPJs of the left hallux to numb the lesion (Watkins, 2010). The patient was become so anxious, and I was also getting nervous by doing an injection itself, then I accidently punctured into my thumb before applying it onto the patient’s. I immediately took off the glove and apply betadine with an appropriate wound dressing. It was a really embarrassing moment, which I became lose of
Some cons to stimulant drug therapy is that they must be taken three times a day in order to effectively stimulate saliva excretion. This may prove and adherence challenge, especially in the elderly population who are at a higher risk of developing xerostomia. Also, common side effects of pilocarpine and cevimeline are excessive sweating, diarrhea, and headache. Specifically in the treatment of Sjogren’s syndrome, immune system modulators may have to be used as well as other medications and the extra burden of an additional medication for dry mouth is not seen as a benefit for patients.7
Lastly, topical treatments are medicine that are applied to the skin. These creams, gels, oils, foams and lotions are used as an anti-inflammatory agent. These have ranges of potency from super potent to least potent or 1-7. For example, corticosteroid, the most common prescribed topical, is a steroid that affects the growth and inflammation of the epidermis. However, this is often used for mild to moderate cases only since side effects of using topical treatments can result in changing of the skin, dilated blood vessels,and irritation of the skin.
...g gentle pressure. Finally the procedure was documented and the site was assessed for any abnormal reactions to the injection.
Systemic drugs may work in some cases where topical creams have not made an improvement in the psoriasis. Although the drugs seem to have good effects on widespread psoriasis, the side effects can be more dangerous than the disease itself, and nearly all oral medications require regular blood testing or liver biopsies.
The dermal tissue system consist of epidermis and periderm whose cells contain protoplasm and nucleus without intercellular spaces. The dermal tissue system is theprotective outer layer for the whole part of plant. It acts like human skin which forms the first line of defence against physical damage and pathogen.A single tissue called epidermis, is a layer of tightly packed cell usually found in non-woody plant or herbaceous plants. The epidermis forms a protective cover in plant organs like stem, flower, fruits and leaves. Epidermis possesses numerous minute openings called stomata, thesmall gated pores that are formed bythe guard cells and their subsidiary cellswhose main function is the exchange of gases between the