ESTABLISHMENT OF ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE 1906
REASONS FOR THE FORMATION OF THE ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE
After the creation of the Indian national Congress and its time as a ‘representative’ party for the people of the Indian sub-continent, there was felt a need to re-evaluate its claims at unbiased representation. Since its inception, Congress had shown clear its interest to only safeguard the rights of Hindus.
The three key factors which contributed in keeping the Muslims away from the Congress were:
1. The advice and prediction of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan that, “Hindus and Muslims are two different nations who have different ideologies”
2. Hindu protest against the partition of Bengal
3. Hindu revivalists’ aggression towards the Muslims
The Muslims stayed devoted to Sir Syed's recommendation, however events were rapidly changing the Indian arena and political issues were surfacing in all areas of the population. However the main motivating factor was that the Muslims' elite, intellectual class needed representation and that the masses required a platform to unite on.
Following are the reasons for the establishment of Muslim league:
1. Attitude of the Congress towards Muslims: All India National Congress was mainly a Hindu body. Its interests were always in benefitting the Hindus. By 1906, Muslim leaders were certain that they must have their own party which may speak for the community on all important occasions as the attitude of the Congress towards Muslims was indifferent to their interests.
2. Economic and Educational Backwardness: Muslims were far behind the Hindus in education and economic advancement. Educational and economic conditions could only be enhanced by forming a separate Muslims organizatio...
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...in all over the country.
In 1958, the League nearly lost all of its influence when martial law was imposed by General Ayub Khan to win the support of Iskander Mirza against Prime Minister Feroz Khan, a Muslim Leaguee.
The Constitution of Federation allowed the ailing Muslim League to reform itself as the Pakistan Muslim League (PML) and supported Fatima Jinnah in the presidential elections of 1965.
Ever since then, Muslim League has split into several factions with one following Ayub Khan, called the Conventional Muslim League and the one in its opposition called Council Muslim League. while the other factions were also involved in supporting the presidential regimes of Zia ul Haq in 1980s, and the recent regime of Pervez Musharraf in 2000s. Hence, Pakistan Muslim League started being referred to several political parties in the country.
out against the injustice and urged the Indians, “to unite in claiming a common and equal right in
The Partition of India led to millions of people displaced and marked as one of the largest mass migration ever over the world. August 15, 1947 was a very significant day for Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs and many others. It marked the day of the British partition of India, and India won its freedom from colonial rule, ending nearly 200 years of British rule. This successful attainment of independence from colonial rule defined a narrative of religious nationalism, but also has led to displacement and violence between the two nation states of India and Pakistan. Once a peaceful union of Muslims and Hindus had become separated, whereas Muslims got Pakistan and Hindus got an independent India (Best et al, 2008). “The Other Side of Silence” (Butalia, 2000, pp.264-300) the oral testimony of a Punjabi woman Maya Rani, who was a child living in Pakistan during the Partition. Her testimony was crucial to understand the historiography of the event, because she was a witness of the impact of the Partition, but she was not directly involved in the violence that the emergence and independence of India that has brought.
...e about, the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress. These two parties had various disagreements, which lead to the Partition of 1947, which I believe was unavoidable. Before the Partition occurred the Rebellion of 1857 and various movements pushing for freedom took place, making a large impact on the history of India. In the end, after the partition occurred I believe that the violence and the hundreds of thousands of lives lost could have been avoided.
While analyzing past interactions between Hinduism and Islam, we can see some outstanding tensions that arise from territorial conflict between India, a predominantly Hindu country, and Pakistan, a predominantly Muslim country.
Wink, A. 1990. Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Vol. 1. Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th -11th Centuries. 2nd Rev. Edn. Leiden: Brill.
Following nomination by the National Liberation Front (FLN) party, Chadli Bendjedid was elected President in 1979 and re-elected in 1984 and 1988. The National Liberation Front ruled as a virtual one-party regime until the political system was reformed in 1989. Antigovernment sentiment stemming from corruption, housing shortages, unemployment, and other severe economic and social problems boosted the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) despite the party’s quite public commitment to theocratic rule under Islamic law. This seemingly innocuous act was actually quite revolutionary. For the first time, an Arab country had authorized the creation of a political party that had made the creation of an Islamic republic its main goal .
Eteraz, Ali. "The Roots of Islamic Reform." The Guardian. The Guardian, 25 Sept. 2007. Web. 19 Nov. 2013.
“Islamization was a process not an event and it still continues as Islam seeks deeper roots and greater influence.” (Ricklefs et al., 2010)
India is renowned as an incubator of religion. The South Asian nation’s countless sects have it widely known for its deep, abiding spirituality. In some respects, the story of India is the story of conflict among the most abided of these faiths. Even today, India’s political landscape is defined by the struggle between those who would insist that religion is nationality (Islam) and those who maintain that, as a historical entity, India is essentially Hindu and all other faiths are interlopers. India is replete with the history and shrines of the Hindu faith, though its most famous shrine, the Taj Mahal, is as Muslim as Mecca. Nonetheless, it is a Hindu aura that permeates the India of the Western imagination.
...and differences between Islamic and Hindu beliefs of afterlife, the sacred text and teachings, and their respective gods help students understand each religion exclusively. This gives students the power to rise above the majority of society and give Muslims and Hindus the respect and image that they truly deserve.
his leadership, the league adopted the resolution to form separate muslim state in 1940. Though
There is no immediate connection between Islam in the seventh century and the prevalent Islamist movements in the last some piece of the twentieth century. A partition occurred in Islam between the religious and political circles that reinforce renouncement of political dominance. Furthermore, conventions of secularism and modernization were overwhelming for no less than two centuries in different Muslim states, starting with modernizing changes established by different Muslim rulers, then emulated by further changes executed by common nationalist authorities after anti-colonial battles. Political Islam, along these lines, is better seen in light of late political and economic improvements—advancements, also, that have offered ascent to religious revival in different social orders.
Muslims are supposed to be a doctrinal or ideological universal community, united through the entire world by their faith in thinking, feeling and action. They all believe in and they are all committed to Islam and its values of doing good and spreading it. However the concrete reality is that natural barriers such as geography and ethnicity in addition to political, economic and cultural barriers, under colonialism and post colonial era have obstructed the supposed unity of the umma.
India is the center of a very serious problem in the world today. It’s a very diverse place with people from many different religious backgrounds, who speak many different languages and come from many different regions. They are also separated economically. Two of the country’s religious sects, Muslims and Hindus, have been in conflict for hundreds of years. Their feelings of mistrust and hatred for each other are embedded in all those years and will not leave easily. What’s most disturbing is that there seems to be no plan for reconciliation available. There are numerous reasons for this conflict.
There is a distinct difference between popular Indian nationalism, that is the nation believing in a state independent of Britain, and Indian nationalist movements, for example the Muslim League or the Hindu revivalist movement. These movements fought for independence but were far more religiously orientated and were fighting in their own interests. Although Indian nationalism initially found expression in the Mutiny of 1857, its deve...