The infant mortality rate of a country is said to be a “reflection of a society’s commitment to ensuring access to health care, adequate nutrition… and sufficient income to prevent the adverse consequences of poverty”(1). As defined by the World Data Bank, a country’s infant mortality rate is measured by the number if infants, per every 1000 live births, do not survive to be older than one year of age (3). The female unemployment rate refers to the percentage of the female labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment (2). Previous research conducted by the Canadian Public Health Association has shown that unemployment can result in “direct material deprivation”, that could lead to an infant’s survival being compromised (4). A greater understanding of this relationship could give rise to national and international efforts to support unemployed mothers. It is reasonable to consider that there is a relationship between a country’s level of female unemployment and it’s infant mortality rate. Thesis Considering the importance access to proper medical care, sufficient nutrients and other resources have on the survival of young infants, there will be a weak correlation between a country’s female unemployment and infant mortality rate. It has previously been proven that unemployment can result in “direct material deprivation.” By having a lack of financial resources, a woman may not be able to obtain the basic necessities for their child’s survival. In contrast, a woman who is employed and receiving a sufficient income will be able to provide such materials (4). This will be displayed in the data showing an increase in infant mortality as the female unemployment rate increases. One and two variable statistic... ... middle of paper ... ...roximately 79% are located in Africa. The high infant mortality rate in these countries can be seen as a result of the high levels of war and political conflict, human trafficking and slavery, inadequate living conditions, and restricted access to basic necessities such as clean water and food (12). In contrast, the top 25% for this variable consisted of 79% European countries, 13% Asian countries and 8% North American and Caribbean countries. When analyzing the top and bottom 25% of countries for average female unemployment rate, a variety of developed and developing countries from every continent were represented. Within the top 25%, there are developing countries such as Sierra Leone and The Gambia, where a very high percentage of women are employed in the agricultural and informal sectors, however they work very long hours and receive little to no income (9,13).
O'Connor, P. (2008, October 18). US infant mortality rate now worse than 28 other countries. Retrieved June 9, 2010, from World Socialist Web Site: http://www.wsws.org/articles/2008/oct2008/mort-o18.shtml
Every eight seconds a baby is born in the United Sates (U.S.), and within one hour four babies die (1). The infant mortality rate (IMR) measures the rate at which babies die before their first birthday and is calculated per 1,000 live births. According to government figures 7.2 babies out of every 1,000 born in 1996 died (2, p 6). Although this figure declines steadily each year and is 406% lower than the 1950 figure (3) the United States IMR is still higher than twenty four other nations (1). More importantly, the IMR for black U.S. citizens is over twice the rate of white citizens (6.3 and 14.6 respectively) (4, p 9). The National Commission to Prevent Infant Mortality even calls some regions "disaster areas" (5, p 18). What are the leading causes of infant death, and what areas within the United States are most affected? What preventative measures can ensure a child its first birthday? These questions are addressed herein. In addition, certain National Standards for Geography are met.
All of the tears, grief, and heartbreak of parents, family, and friends combine to transform into something much greater. Infant mortality is caused by a variety of factors including cultural, environmental, and health issues. In addition, statistics can also be based off geography, poverty, and race. It is evident that some countries, like Finland, are doing much better in their attempts to provide for expecting mothers and their newborns. Unfortunately, some countries just do not have the means to do so, such as
Infant mortality is considered a worldwide indicator of a nation’s health status. The United States still ranks 24th in infant mortality compared with other industrialized nations, even though infant mortality has declined steadily over the past several decades. Compared with the national average in 1996 of 7.2 deaths per 1,000 live births, the largest disparity is among blacks with a death rate of 14.2 per 1,000 in 1996 which is almost 2½ times that of white infants (6 deaths per 1,000 in 1996). American Indians as a whole have an infant death rate of 9 deaths per 1,000 in 1995, but some Indian communities have an infant mortality rate almost twice that of the national rate. The same applies to the Hispanic community, whose rate of 7.6 deaths per 1,000 births in 1995 doesn’t reflect the Puerto Rican community, whose rate was 8.9 deaths per 1,000 births in 1995.
...l not be able to have children which they can financially support. Finally healthcare is a large problem, people get sick and due to the economic crisis the government can no longer provide free healthcare, leaving those who are uninsured to die. Along with this ,the birth of stillborns increased to 4/1000 which attributes to the unemployment and mental sanity of women without access to healthcare. These are all major contributors to the rate of natural decrease which is 0.16% in 2008 making it one of the fastest declining country’s in the world. Due to the impoverished economy which results in the high unemployment rate, the low fertility rate, poor healthcare and high percent of natural decrease. It appears as though one of the worlds greatest civilizations, which produced the people we are most indebted to is headed for rapid population decline in years to come.
The socio economic inequality is often cited as the main fundamental cause of differential health outcomes among men and women. Gender, as structural determinant of health operates through different intermediary determinants that influence the maternal and reproductive health of women and their access to care. This also causes to influence attitudes towards the use of contraceptives and women’s ability to make decision on family planning. Early marriage and early pregnancy leads to high fertility and puts women in danger of anaemia and pregnancy complication, infant mortality also high in children among young mothers. Weak health system, weak information system, discontinuity of care, unsupported health workers and limited referred and accountability, etc. has the implication for the ability to prevent maternal mortality among women seeking care during
Maternal education has often been suggested and examined while looking at factors that influences child morbidity. While correlations between maternal education and child health have been observed in diverse parts of the world, and much discussion has focused on the various pathways on how maternal education has contributed to lowering child morbidity, there is an important literature gap that has not been bridged. Research on predictors of child morbidity has always focused on maternal characteristics, neglecting the role of the father in influencing the health of the child. It has often been argued that children of educated mothers experience lower morbidity than children of uneducated mothers (Desai), however, there is the question
Infant Mortality Rate is 14.0 which is alarmingly high. That is almost 3 times more than the U.S. infant mortality rate (Knoema,pg.1). All these statistics are very useful when observing poverty and access to healthcare.
Maternal health has been seen as an issue of immediate concern for the developing countries. Socio-cultural factors in many developing countries particularly; those in Asia are leading to increased maternal mortality due to poor health. This fact can be seen from the social and cultural trends in these countries because of these factors various disabilities, inadequacies and even deaths are increasing. Differential in socio-economic status are seen for most conditions diseases and risk factors in this country. The social distribution of health and the social causes, which most affect health, must be understood and addressed.
Especially mothers in America are at an economic disadvantage. With raising children as private responsibility and no net support from the society, the individuals will eventually end up in poverty. There are many countries that have adjust to the massive growth of women in the workforce over the past century by creating public policies to help accommodate work and family obligations. This paper will incorporate scholarly sources from Crittenden, Hays, Schulte, Coontz, Folbre, Stone and Lovejoy to back up the argument.
The labor force participation of mothers has risen steadily since the Census Bureau began collecting data on the topic in 1976, so it is not particularly surprising to me that more women with infants are on the job today than in years past. Living in the suburbs has exposed my wife and I to the realities faced by today's family, that even for most of us in the middle class, the only way to obtain our hopes and dreams is for bot...
This paper describes the incidence of low birth weight in newborns in relation to the level of poverty among women on Prince Edward Island.
The entire globe, including both less developed countries and more developed countries, declined considerably between 1960 and 2001.In 1960 the global infant mortality rate was 198 per 1000 while in 2001 there were only 83 per 1000. Although the overall numbers are dropping, there is a difference in the less and more developed countries. Statistics say that less developed countries have about 17 times of the amount of infant mortality than the more developed countries do.
Vulnerable mothers and children all over the world face many obstacles and suffering each and every day. The vulnerability is mainly due to the lack of support, resources, and education available to them. The evaluations of these vulnerable risks are measured by age, education, environmental and socioeconomic status, culture, race, gender, employment status, and much more. Throughout the years, many programs and regulations have been implemented to help eliminate some of these risks and disparities, but as it stands today, this problem seems to be ongoing and is getting atrocious day by day.
My essay is divided into two parts. In the first part I am focused on the first question and I analyse Åsa Löfström´s report, OECD and World Bank Group´s documents and the scientific works of other scientists, such as Roger Mortvik and Roland Spant, Mark Smith, Kabeer and Natali. In the second part I am more specific and I try to find answers on the second and third question. Whereas these questions involve the strategies and actions to exploit the economic potential in female employment, I will focus on the EU level to give you a particular example.