Question 1: (Amani) It is very important for Physicians, researchers, and patients to understand the terminology used to define allergic diseases. Failure to do so can lead to inappropriate advice, prevention and ineffective treatment. The term allergy is commonly refers to reactions or conditions related to an IgE antibody-mediated immunological mechanism following antigenic exposure. Antigen is a material that is capable of initiating an immune reaction when introduced into the human body (J.Genuis , 2010). Regarding food allergy, adverse food reactions (AFRs) can be classified into toxic and hypersensitivity reactions (HRs). When an immunological response has been occurred, hypersensitivity food reaction must be referred to as food allergy, while if the role of IgE is demonstrated, the suitable definition is IgE mediated food allergy. About 20 percent of individuals report an AFR, while food allergy shows lower prevalence: (0.5-3.8 percent in children and 0.1-1 percent in adults). (G.Gasbarrini, 2008). Non-toxic food reactions are classified into immunological (food allergy) and non-immunological (food intolerance); food allergy is subdivided into: IgE mediated: characterized by the presence of IgE specific antibodies and the exact relation between ingestion of food and the symptoms. and non IgE mediated: Demonstrated by antibodies of different isotype from IgE :IgG, IgM, IgA which consists cell-mediated immunity (Fig….). Hypersensitivity or sensitivity are referred to reproducible symptoms or signs initiated by exposure to certain stimulus at a dose tolerated by normal persons (S.G.O. Johansson2004). The primary differences between sensitivity and the allergy are that; an allergy involved the immune system reaction, but s... ... middle of paper ... ...t proteins to form covalent conjugates, so when penicillin is ingested or injected, it forms conjugates with self proteins, and the penicillin modified self peptides provoke a TH2 response in some individuals. These TH2 cells then activates penicillin-binding B cells to produce IgE antibody against the penicillin hapten. Thus, penicillin acts both as the B-cell antigen and, by modifying self peptides, as the T-cell antigen. While when penicillin is injected intravenously into an allergic patient, the penicillin-modified proteins can cross-link IgE molecules on tissue mast cells and circulating basophils and thus causing anaphylaxis (A. Janeway ,2012) 1-Haenuki Y, Matsushita K, Futatsugi-Yumikura S, Ishii KJ, Kawagoe T, Imoto Y,et al. A critical role of IL-33 in experimental allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;130:184-94.
First, “What are food allergies”? , food allergies are when the body overreacts and become highly sensitive to
Anaphylaxis shock occurs when someone who is sensitive to a substance they are exposed to which results in constricted airway and possible inability to breathe. Parents with children that experience any form of allergic reaction most notify the day care provider so appropriate precautionary steps are taken to maintain a safe health environment for these children. As allergy conditions have slowly increased within our society day care providers have taken more aggressive action to protect these children by extending a “peanut free environment” within the school setting. The percentage of children who experience their first allergic reaction outside the home has increased by 77% over past years daycare providers need to be trained and prepared to handle all types of allergic reaction situations. Steps that a provider and parent should take are as follows: 1. Food allergy action plan, 2. Inform all staff, 3. Post child’s name and allergy,
Following my first sip of milk at the age of one, with the resulting hives and coughing that ensued, I involuntarily joined the community of fifteen million Americans afflicted by food allergies. Living everyday with additional allergies to peanuts, tree nuts, and shellfish has, out of necessity, sharpened my compulsiveness with ingredients and food preparation, but furthermore has spurred me to intervene on behalf of fellow members in this emerging epidemic. The Food Allergy Research and Education (FARE) national organization has been a source of education and support in my own life, and subsequently has aided my efforts to raise awareness among peers, and to nurture my advocacy involvement. Selected as a member of FARE’s Teen Advisory
Stoppler, Melissa C., and William C. Shiel. "Food Allergy." Medicinenet.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Mar. 2014.
“Immune Response: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia.” National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of Health. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. .
8Peanut Butter, Milk, and other Deadly Threats: What You Should Know About Food Allergies, written by Sherri Mabry Gordon,
All sorts of food allergies affect eight percent of children and two percent of adults in the United States. Allergic reactions happen because one's immune system overreacts to regular foods that are ordinarily harmless to the general population (7). An allergy affecting many children and adults recently in the United States is an allergy to peanuts. In the last few years, tremendous amounts of people have developed this allergy, which seems, in most cases, to be very severe.
"Another painful allergic reaction is called Celiac Disease. This reaction is caused by a chronic adverse reaction to gluten, a protein found in grain, wheat and corn. Children who have this disease, are sickly, have chronic diarrhea and fail to grow properly until all gluten containing products are taken out of the child's diet" (Edelson, 49).
The study collected data on 50 volunteers who had one of the two chronic allergic
Human race is known to have developed numerous allergies to various known and unknown allergens. An extreme allergic reaction which can be “life-threatening”. (Mydr.com.au, 2014) is referred to as Anaphylaxis.It is a “medical emergency”(Lloyd & Sisman,2013).Statistics indicate that maximum deaths occur due to allergic reactions of various medicines. The other causative agents can be insects, food, latex, hair dye, etc(Lloyd & Sisman,2013). The most common trigger to stimulate anaphylaxis among children are food products such as peanuts, dairy, seafood etc. Exposure to any of these allergens can result in severe anaphylactic attack within 20 minutes.(Australian Resuscitation council, 2012).However the doctors discuss the history of symptoms occurring in children suffering with peanut allergy before declaring them to be anaphylactic and prescribing medication. (Unknown, 2014). Symptoms of anaphylaxis may occur in varied forms depending upon the severty of the reaction. For instance in mild cases swelling of lips, eyes or face occurs along with hives, rash, tingling of mouth and vomitting accompanied with abdominal pain. Nevertheless in extreme conditions the former symptoms may be accompanied with noisy breathing, wheezing, hoarseness and unconsciousness. (Lloyd & Sisman,2013).
Dentinal hypersensitivity is believed to occur due to the movement of fluid within the dentinal tubules occurring in response to:
Woof, J. M., & Kerr, M. A. (2004). IgA function–variations on a theme. Immunology, 113(2), 175-177.
IgG is the uncontrolled production of abnormal immunoglobulin (IgG) proteins, which fight bacteria and viruses. This abnormal immunoglobulin has no benefit in the body, and, as it increases in amount, it crowds out normally functioning immunoglobulins. This is the most common types of myeloma, accounting for 60-70% of all cases.
Asthma is a disease that currently has no cure and can only be controlled and managed through different treatment methods. If asthma is treated well it can prevent the flare up of symptoms such as coughing, diminish the dependence on quick relief medication, and help to minimize asthma attacks. One of the key factors to successful treatment of asthma is the creation of an asthma action plan with the help of a doctor that outlines medications and other tasks to help control the patient’s asthma ("How Is Asthma Treated and Controlled?"). The amount of treatment changes based on the severity of the asthma when it is first diagnosed and may be the dosage may be increased or decreased depending on how under control the patient’s asthma is. One of the main ways that asthma can be controlled is by becoming aware of the things that trigger attacks. For instance staying away from allergens such as pollen, animal fur, and air pollution can help minimize and manage the symptoms associated with asthma. Also if it is not possible to avoid the allergens that cause a patient’s asthma to flare up, they may need to see an allergist. These health professionals can help diagnosis what may need to be done in other forms of treatment such as allergy shots that can help decrease the severity of the asthma ("How Is Asthma Treated and Controlled?").
Patients who usually have allergies suffer from many symptoms due to the allergic reaction(s). Normally, your immune system protects you against invading agents such as bacteria and viruses. Otherwise harmless allergens (allergy-producing substances) cause your body to react as if they were dangerous invaders. In effect, your immune system is responding to a false alarm.