It is predicted that the psychrophilic metallome of G. antarctica PI12 is zinc-enriched, with the preference of metal uptake decreasing in the order of Zn > Mg > Ca, Fe > Cu, Mn > Na, K, Co, Ni (Table 2). In general, all the results reported by the three approaches mentioned in this study have showed a higher preference for proteins to incorporate transition metal ions (i.e.: manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc) compared to the alkali (i.e.: sodium and potassium) and alkaline earth metal ions (i.e.: magnesium and calcium). This phenomenon has been explained by Passerini et al. (2006), in which the alkali and alkaline earth metals would tend to bind with proteins through electrostatic interactions. Meanwhile for the transition metals that usually contain electron pairs in the d orbital, they are more favourable to form coordinate covalent bonds with the protein residue (acting as ligands) donating an electron pair to the metal cations. Thus, there is lower binding affinities for alkali metals to bind with proteins, while alkaline earth metals (contain twice the charge of alkali metals) and transition metals can interact more strongly with proteins. However, the influence of the coordination geometry has to be taken into consideration as some metals have greater affinities towards certain geometry at a particular binding site.
The concentration of the metal ions in the cellular system is a biologically controlled process. It is a relatively complex process with many factors are required to be considered, such as the metal bioavailability, the insertion machinery involved, and the biology of the cell [26]. Therefore, all these physiologically-active metals are necessary to buffer down to a narrow range of concentratio...
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...microbial genomes. American Journal of Science 2005, 305(6-8):467-502.
32. Dupont CL, Yang S, Palenik B, Bourne PE: Modern proteomes contain putative imprints of ancient shifts in trace metal geochemistry. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2006, 103(47):17822-17827.
33. Decaria L, Bertini I, Williams RJP: Zinc proteomes, phylogenetics and evolution. Metallomics 2010, 2(10):706-709.
34. Cameron V, House CH, Brantley SL: A First Analysis of Metallome Biosignatures of Hyperthermophilic Archaea. Archaea 2012, 2012.
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36. Finn RD, Clements J, Eddy SR: HMMER web server: interactive sequence similarity searching. Nucleic acids research 2011, 39(suppl 2):W29-W37.
Paabo’s team discovered an mtDNA sequence from a finger bone they found from around 40,000 years ago, as carbon dating is one of the most commonly used methods of determining a fossil’s age. (Hammer, 70). Also, Neanderthal mtDNA is differs severely from modern human mtDNA. For example, Microcephalin is a gene for brain size during the development of the organism.
The study of Alu elements, such as the one found on the PV92 locus are of extreme importance for numerous reasons. Alu inserts have played a significant role in advancing the study of human evolution. For example, the analysis of specific polymorphic inserts has led some researchers to postulate that the divergence between primates and Homo sapiens was initiated in Africa, giving rise to the “Out of Africa” theory (Batzer, et al. 1994). Contrarily, others believe that the deviation arose from multiple regions from occurring mutations. Additionally, Alu elements are also speculated to have played a significant role in accelerating speciation in vertebrates by acting as a source of new mutations (Bohne, Brunet, Galiana-Arnoux, Schultheis & Volff, 2008), but further research is needed to confirm or refute these hypotheses.
If more than one complex is formed at different pH values, their existence can be decided by this type of study. The pH, at which the absorption due to a particular complex species is far greater than that of metal ion and or the ligand alone, is selected for the study of that species. As the complex formation is the function of pH; it should be kept constant for particular system. Similarly, ionic strength is maintained constant throughout by adding an appropriate volume of sodium perchlorate. pH can be remained constant by using suitable buffer, provided the buffer does not interfere with the complex formation at wavelength where complex species show maximum
Miller, Kenneth R. and Joseph S. Levine. “Chapter 12: DNA and RNA.” Biology. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc., 2002. Print.
In the first part of this project, two cation elimination tests and one cation confirmation test were performed. 10 drops of 4 cation solutions: potassium, zinc(II), copper(II)
Hall, Linley Erin. “Understanding Genetics DNA and RNA.” New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., 2011. Print. 01 Apr. 2014.
...e N-terminal domain converting it to a helical structure”.(Muira et al, 1996). The binding of copper with the prion has many effects. A study on mice found those with the PrP had higher levels of copper uptake compared to the mice that didn’t have the PrP. Furthermore other research has found the binding of copper with the prion protein prevents unusual interactions with other proteins such as plasminogen. This evidence suggests the binding of copper with the PrP has a protective effect. Investigation has shown that if the copper uptake is disturb this can cause long term potentiation. “Imbalance in synaptic Cu causes disturbance in the activity of receptors such as GABA receptors and alters long term potentiation.”(Gabrielsson et al 1986; Vlachova et al, 1996). An experiment found that if cells were exposed to copper, this result in the increase of the uptake rate.
The ENCODE Project Consortium. "An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome." Nature 489.11247 (2012): 57-74.
The two main absorption sites of iron is the duodenum and the upper duodenum. The divalent metal transporter takes the absorbed iron across the intestinal epithelial cells. Metals such manganese copper, cobalt and zinc (good metals), cadmium, lead (bad metals) are also so facilitated by the transporter. An erythrocyte releases iron through a passage known as the ferroportin and into the bloodstream. Transferrin (transport protein) binds the iron within the bloodstream.
Life Science Core at UCLA, Martin, L., Chen, K., Johnson, L., Foley, R., & Murotake, R. (2005). Analysis of Protein Size and Subunit Composition Using SDS- Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. Los Angeles, CA.
Plasma was considered as the most important part of human blood, which carries out most of the function in relation to transport. Fluids is the major constituent of plasma, with an estimated total protein concentration of about 7.0-7.5 g/dl, as the solid component in plasma, that contain a complex mixture of different proteins which are mainly glycoprotein and lipoproteins. The concentration of plasma protein is largely occupied by Albumin, which is about 3.4-4.7 g/dl as the major protein; this protein will be discourse in further details, (Murray et al 2003). Plasma protein plays a role as biomarkers in diagnosing human diseases, due to their functions as dynamic interface for molecular transport in the body even though, their determination is very difficult because it contain almost 3700 different proteins as found in the literature, (Manley and Gailer, 2009). It was well known from early research, (Himmelhoch, et al, 1966) that plasma protein contain a minute amount of metals, and different technique were used to determine distribution, which will explained in more details. These metals are essential for many function in relation to good health of a living organism, 15 trace element found in plasma were considered of great importance in this aspect which includes but not limited to: Fe, Zn, Cu, Se, Co, I, K, Na, Mg, Mn, Ca, as reported by (Muniz, et al 2013). However, among these trace element Cu and Zn where considered as the most important of all the trace elements in coordinating health activities and were found to bound one metal per protein. The distribution of these metals was found to be high in Plasma Albumin with a concentration of 36.1-53.6 ...
Raven, P. H., Mason, K. A., Losos, J. B., Singer, S. R., & Johnson, G. B. (2011). Biology (9thth ed., pp. 418-419). New York City, NY: McGraw Hill.
Metalloids are elements that share properties of both nonmetals and metals. They usually share physical properties with metals and chemical properties with nonmetals. Although they are not as good at conducting electricity and heat as metals, metalloids can still act as semiconductors; they can act as conductors in the right condition. Metalloids are solid at room temperature and are semiconductive. Being semiconductive means that, in the right conditions, metalloids can conduct heat and electricity. Because of their metallic physical properties, metalloids most commonly appear to be lustrous and brittle. Metalloids’ nonmetallic chemical properties allow metalloids to form alloys with metals and be weakly acidic. Metal-metalloid alloys such as pewter and Babbitt can be used in porcelain and electrical motors alongside other uses.
Ions are critical to human health. As defined by Dictionary.com, an ion is an electrically charged atom or group of atoms formed by the loss or gain of one or more electrons. The human body is the most intricate of ‘designs,’ despite the fact it is composed of basic natural resources called elements. The ions discussed in this paper include oxygen, carbon, potassium, and sulfur. A healthy body is composed of these ions, along with others (zinc, fluoride, iron, etc.). The absence of these elements could lead to an unhealthy body, and make it an easier target for diseases. The chemical formulas, charges, and properties will also be discussed in this document. Also, addressed is the essential role of the ion presented, the way in which the ion serves the body, the diseases that may result from deficiency, and the global distribution of these deficiencies. Ions are an essential part of human health. The ions that are present make the body’s daily functions possible, allowing it to be protected from cruel bacteria or diseases.
Zinc is present in all body tissues and fluids, with a total content ranging from (1.5-2.5gm) [8]. It has a key role in the normal physiology of the human body with various functions as a catalytic and structural component of various proteins[9]. Furthermore, It works as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agent and signaling mediator contributing to its vital roles in immunity, wound healing, and tissue repair.[10, 11]