Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are the drugs that reduce the secretion of gastric (stomach) acid. These drugs were introduced in the United States in the late 1980s. They have emerged as the standard of treatment for most acid-related disorders which causes dyspepsia. These disorders include gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, which is marked by excessive amounts of gastric acid. “Proton pump inhibitors are also successfully used for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection and upper gastrointestinal bleeding” (Der, 2003, p. 182). They may also be used to protect the stomach against “the ulcerogenic effects” of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or corticosteroid drugs (Fallon, 2009, p. 1347). According to El-Serag and Talley, “dyspeptic symptoms affect up to 25% of the population of the US and non-ulcer dyspepsia (including gastritis) contributes to the diagnosis in about 50% of patients referred for upper endoscopy” (2004). PPIs are prescribed for long-term therapy of upper gastrointestinal conditions since 15 years. However, it is also observed that there is significant increase in the inappropriate use of these drugs.
There are five drugs in the class of proton pump indicators (PPIs). They are Esomeprazole (Nexium), Lansoprazole (Prevacid), Omeprazole (Prilosec), Pantoprazole (Protonix), and Rabeprazole (Aciphex). These drugs act by binding with the enzyme H+, K(+)-ATPase i.e. hydrogen/potassium adenosine triphosphate (Fallon, 2009, p. 1347). The function of proton pump inhibitors is similar to the histamine H-2 receptor blockers. “H-2 receptor blockers interfere with the action of histamine that signal stomach cells to produce acid. Proton pump inhibitors are ...
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Heidelbaugh, J. J., Kim, A. H., Chang, R., & Walker, P. C. (2012). Overutilization if proton- pump inhibitors: what the clinician needs to know. Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology. 5(4), 222. doi: 10.1177/1756283X12437358. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14603076
Proton pump inhibitors. (2011, April). Harvard Health Publications. Retrieved from
http://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletters/Harvard_Health_Letter/2011/April/proton- pump-inhibitors
Uretsky, S. D., & Waun, J. (2011). Proton Pump Inhibitors. In L. J. Fundukian (Ed.), The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine (4th ed., Vol. 5, pp. 3603-3604). Detroit: Gale. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.hccc.edu:2074/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX1919601414&v=2.1&u= hudsoncc&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&asid=5226dcf967ddded25bddf0a2443679f3
The cause for the acid-base balance would be the sedative, the patient’s weight which is obese, respiratory, bicarbonate and metabolic problem.
Its ability to inhibit phosphodiestarase type 1 leading to an increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP which is thought to result in its vasodilator effects
A final important consideration in the management of IBS patients from a psychiatric perspective revolves around the use of psychopharmacologic agents in treatment. The rationale for use of anti-depressant medications in IBS patients is based not only the observed psychiatric comorbidity in this population, but also on the role of these medications in improving central pain perception and physiologic response of the gut to descending signals. The evidence-based position statement of the American College of Gastroenterology (2008) affirms that both low-dose TCAs and SSRIs are more effective than placebo at reducing global IBS symptoms and abdominal pain. More evidence exists for the benefit of TCAs in IBS treatment, and they have been shown to decrease global symptoms and abdominal pain at lower doses than those required for the treatment of depression (2).
In this article, you are informed about a disease that is occurring more often in our society. It is commonly referred to as “heartburn” but is more appropriately named acid reflux disease or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Most people suffer from this disease, but think nothing of it. Perhaps they have felt it after a big meal, lying down after eating, during pregnancy, or even when bending over. Most people feel that GERD occurs after eating spicy foods, when in fact the major cause of GERD is fatty foods and the quantity of foods eaten.
Ostrove, N. M. (2004). Statement of Nancy M. Ostrove, Ph.D., Deputy Director, Division of Drug.
Omeprazole belongs to the family of medications called proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). It slows or prevents the production of acid within the stomach and is used to treat conditions where reduction in acid secretion is required for proper healing including stomach and intestinal ulcers (gastric and duodenal ulcers), the prevention and treatment of ulcers associated with medications known as NSAIDs, reflux oesophagitis, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, heartburn, and gastro oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Omeprazole, like other proton-pump inhibitors, blocks the enzyme in the wall of the stomach that produces acid. By blocking the enzyme, the production of acid is decreased, and this allows the stomach and oesophagus to heal. This essay will discuss the therapeutic effect and uses of Omeprazole, its mechanism of action, administration and dosage, dose-related and non-d...
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a gastrointestinal syndrome characterized by chronic pain and irregular bowl movement with the absence of organ cause. IBS could be diarrhea-predominate or constipation-predominate. One of the pathophysiology that thought to cause IBS diarrhea-predominate (IBS-D) is a high level of serotonin especially after the meals. There are two type of serotonin that involve in the gastrointestinal system, type 3 (HT3) and type 4 (HT4). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of ondansetron, which is a selective 5-HT3-receptor antagonist that have been used as antiemitc agent, in the treatment IBS-D.
As elements get heavier the ratio of neutrons:protons moves away from being 1:1, Bands of instability surround the band of stability showing where the neutron:proton ratios are either to great or too small,
Patton, Dennis D. (1999, July). The barium enigma. The Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 7, 24N
23. S. Alwarappan, S. Boyapalle, A. Kumar, C.-Z. Li and S. Mohapatra, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2012, 116, 6556–6559
• Hydrogen charges were as follows: Hydrogen’s 4,5=-.004, 6=.021, 7,8=.020, and the charge of hydrogen 9=.447
American Institute of Physics. Vol. 1051 Issue 1 (2008). Academic Search Premier.> 224. http://login.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=34874307&site=ehost-live.
For nuclear fusion to occur, nuclei must have very high kinetic energies that will exceed the electrostatic repulsion between the nuclei. The extremely high temperature of the sun causes electrons to be stripped o...
... S.M., My Yang, Halvorson, D.A & Sreevatsan, S. (2009) The Feasibility of Using High
The most important use of radioiactivity is in the production of nuclear energy. There are two basic ways in which nuclear energy can be released from ...