2.4 Translation Procedures There are several theorists of translation procedures i.e translation techniques. According to Vinay and Darbelnet as cited in Walinski (2015), translation procedures can be divided into two types : direct translation and oblique translation. Direct translation can be defined as word by word translation of the target language’s original message. It involves borrowing, calque, and literal translation. Meanwhile, oblique translation is a translation procedure in which the translator interprets, e.g. elaborates or summarizes the explicit contents of the original, includes transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation.
2.4.1 Direct Translation Because of structural and metalinguistic parallelisms between languages,
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Literal translation is a procedure in which is reversible. Additionally, it is also regarded as an interlinear translation which is desirable to reproduce the linguistic features of the source text. It is highly essential for purposes related to the study of the source language (Larson, 1998, p.17).
2.4.2 Oblique Translation Oblique translation procedures allow translators to exert a strict control over the reliability of their efforts” (p. 61) Vinay and Darbelnet (1958) stated that oblique translation includes transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation. However, there are two out of four oblique translation procedures which are discussed in this paper: transposition, and modulation.
2.4.2.1 Transposition Transposition deals with grammatical change from SL to TL, i.e. the alteration from singular to plural, position of adjective, and changing the word class or part of speech (Vinay and Darbelnet, 2000, p.133).
2.4.2.2
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62). The change in perspective is required in contexts where a literal translation seems unidiomatic or awkward in the TL although it has correct utterance grammatically. Modulation is divided into two types: Free or Optional Modulation, and Fixed or Obligatory Modulation. Free or Optional Modulation is used to emphasize the meaning or to find out the natural form in the TL. It also deals with ‘negated contrary’, which is a procedure that transforms the value of the ST in translation from negative to positive or vice versa. For example “It isn’t good” is translated to be “it’s bad”. Meanwhile, fixed or obligatory modulation occurs when a word, phrase, or structure cannot be found in the TL. This can be done by translating an active sentence into a passive sentence (Vinay and Darbelnet, 2000, p.146).
2.4.2.3 Equivalence According to Walinski (2015, p. 62), equivalence is one of the often used translation procedure in translation process especially in case of the structural and meaning uses in which totally different stylistic and structural methods. from the source text as long as the communication purpose is identical. According to Bell in Siregar (2008, p.61), this method often used to translate the idiomatic sentences and also proverbs. For example : totally identical in English means seperti pinang dibelah dua in Indonesian.
2.4.2.4
Kistner, A. L. and M. K. Kistner. “The Five Structures of ‘The Changeling’.” Modern Language Studies 11.2 (1981): 40-53. Accessed March 29, 2014.
Fromkin, Victoria & Rodman, Robert. An Introduction to Language, 6th edition. Orlando, Florida: Harcourt Brace, 1998
"For the translator, who stands astride two cultures, possesses two different sensibilities, and assumes a double identity" —Husain Haddawy
Words have the power to change the way people think and feel. Supplementing one word for another might seem like entering a synonym, but this synonym has the ability to convey sentiments that the other fails to comprehend. For example, Dante’s Inferno has copious amounts of translations with each supporting the same message; however, each produces a different response. Langdon’s translation births sentiment and sympathy for these characters whereas Neff’s translation generates disapproval and hatred.
The problem with translating words and ideas doesn’t end with the differences in language. If the translator doesn’t fully understand the subject, or fails to grasp the minute distinctions that a guru will often make, then the translation will be wrong.
This book mainly focus on the relationship between translation and culture. It addresses the shift of focus from translated block of text to the binding of translations and the cultures involved in generating these translations. It also covers the significance of translation for cultural planning.
Grimaldo, J.C. (2013). Avances y proyección del Programa Nacional de Bilinguismo. Memorias: Congreso Latinoamericano de Bilinguismo. Armenia, Quindío.
A translator must become a trans-creator in order to achieve the above mentioned effects since the original is recreated. This kind of translation becomes transcreation with the liberalism in translation for the translator. A translator feels free to translate whatever pleases.
Moses is a factual machine interpretation framework that permits you to consequently prepare interpretation models for any dialect pair. Moses is a usage of measurable (or information driven) methodology to machine interpretation. This is the overwhelming approach in the field right now, and is utilized by the online interpretation framework sent by any semblance of Google and Microsoft. In SMT, Interpretation frameworks are prepared on huge amounts of parallel information. Parallel information is an accumulation of sentences in two separate dialects, which is sentence adjusted, in that each one sentence in one dialect is matched with its relating deciphered sentence in other dialect. It is otherwise called a bitext. The preparation transform in Moses takes in the parallel information and co events of words and sections (known as expression) to construe interpretation correspondences between the two dialects of investment. In expression based machine interpretation, these correspondences are essentially between nonstop successions of word.
In human society, translation plays a significant role, which helps realize effective communication among people. Benjamin (as cited in Venuti, 2000) indicates translation is the mode, which plays a function of transmitting information; hence translatability determines whether the information could be effectively and appropriately delivered and is regarded as the “essential quality of certain works”. Throughout history, many scholars have developed translation theories, which provide various effective translation strategies and methods, to explore the translatability. Equivalence theory points out that all languages always share some similarities; hence the languages could be exchanged (Nida, as cited in Venuti, 2000). The skopos theory emphasizes
Transposition involves “replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message” (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1958/1995: 88). For instance, the ST noun is translated into an adjective or a verb in the TL but it conveys thae same meaning of the ST. Newmark (1988: 85) defines transposition as “a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from SL to TL.” Newmark gives four types of transposition. The first type is concerned with the form and position of the word. An example is given by Zakhir (2008: 3): “a red car”, "سيارة حمراء"; “a beautiful girl”, "فتاة جميلة". It can be noted from the latter example that the position of the adjective has been changed in the translation and this change depends on the grammatical rules of TL.
Slocum, J. (1984). "Machine Translation: its History, Current Status and Future Prospects ", Siemens Communications Systems, Inc., Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.
This view of translation and translation studies was dominant until the emergence of the so-called “cultural turn” in the 1980s. With the shift
The procedure we are going to examine here is the equivalence in translation at word level, or, as we will see, the lack of equivalence. This procedure is possible when the translator in able find a SL textual item replacement in the TL, the closest possible to the original meaning and style. Many people could think that this is an easy task and that many languages can be translated by using this particular method; we will see how complicated it can be.
One of the most important concepts in Translation Studies is equivalence put forward by Eugene Nida (1964). There are two types of equivalent relationship between the source and the target texts according to him, formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. Formal equivalence focuses on reproducing the surface structure, i.e. form and content of the source message. On the other hand, dynamic equivalence emphasizes equivalent effect, which implies that translators should aim to produce a similar response in the target audience to that in the source audience. However, scholars have criticized the concept of equivalent effect for being too vague. Moreover, it is almost impossible to create equivalent effect for readers from a different culture. ()