King (1990, page x) argues that the dissolution of empire has been
critical to the growth of world cities. How far does this apply to
London?
Modern patterns of development and growth have been shaped and
influenced by the historical context of colonialism. Within this
context relationships between capitalist and pre-capitalist states or
colonies helped forge a world economy, which would later lead to
processes of globalisation and the current economic world order.
Expansion in the world economy has been exacerbated by the freer flow
of labour, goods, services and capital, which are features of the
post-war, post-colonial world. King contends that these factors have
been "critical to the growth of world cities." (King, 1990: x)
Urbanisation in many post-colonial states has been rapid, supported by
trade with a greater number of nations compared with that of the
colonial period. Indeed, many colonial nations have now followed their
own paths of industrialisation, instead of relying primarily on their
export of natural resources such as timber; their economies are
becoming more diverse and are now linked within a global network of
trade and commerce that is enabling them to develop significantly.
Existing at the heart of these states are primary cities, the
administrative and economic centres for their new global roles.
World cities can be defined by their size, population and area; they
are usually the economic hub of the country in which they are seats of
power and dominate in the cultural arena with their iconic
architectural distinctiveness and the importance of their historical
roles. "World cities lie at the junction between the world economy and
the territorial national state." (Friedmann and Wol...
... middle of paper ...
...c function as a
global centre for banking and financial trading, which increasingly
determine its international role and its patterns of modern growth.
Bibliography.
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Hall, P (1977 2nd edition) 'The World Cities.' Weidenfield and
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King, AD (1990) 'Global Cities: Post-Imperialism and the
Internationalization of London.' Routledge.
Porter, Roy (1994) 'London: A Social History.' Penguin, London.
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Abu-Lughod, Janet L. New York, Chicago, Los Angeles: America's Global Cities. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1999. Print.
Smith, D. A. (1996). Third World Cities in Global Perspective: The Political Economy of Uneven Urbanization. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press Inc.
called the New Paris, or the modern capital of Europe. The streets , buildings and the services
In answering the above question, I shall address myself first to examining manufacturing exports and the British position, followed by a word on the Imperial Preference which hindered British trade flows with the rest of the world. I shall go on to talk more generally about whether there has been a decline in the aggregate economy (essentially exploring the pessimistic implied in the title). Further, I shall argue that the British economy has performed well against some serious cultural and structural constraints and should not be subjected to unduly negative analysis.
Situated on the banks of river Thames, London is spread over an urban area of 1737.9 sq. km., having a population of 8,630,000 and density of 5490 ppl/sq.km. (Wikipedia (2011) Greater London Built-up Area. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London_Built-up_Area [Accessed 11 September 2015]). It has developed into a global city which has strengthened its base into almost all the sectors ranging from arts and commerce to tourism and transport.
During the nineteenth century, Manchester, England became an increasingly industrialized city, and its population rose considerably. Although the industrialization of Manchester was extremely successful for the modernization of society, Manchester’s growth also raised many problems in society. Many different problems arose due to the industrialization of Manchester; however the conditions of the industrialization were viewed differently by different people. Some people wrote and spoke positively of the effects of industrialization, mostly in reference to the improvement of working conditions, and medicine, others wrote about social issues emphasizing the degradation of civilization, some wrote about the health problems that accompanied the population growth and industrialization, including decreased length of life, and increased malnutrition. There were many different reactions to the effects that accompanied the growth of Manchester due to factors such as increased population density, and decreased air quality, most people wrote about the effects of Manchester’s growth negatively largely because of the decrease in quality of life, however there were some people who wrote positively of the changes, these were mostly people who would gain from saying good things about Manchester’s growth.
The desertion by the British government of the laissez-faire approach was instigated by a magnitude of rationales that induced this transformation of attitude. Laissez-faire translates from French to denote ‘let do’ or in English terminology to ‘leave alone’. In practice, this perspective meant that the government did not interfere positively or negatively in people’s lives. The belief was that if a person was impoverished they were accountable for it and it was due to their personal misguidance, for example gambling, alcoholism, idleness or solely due of their lack of ability in dealing with their finances. If the main wage earner within a family perished then it would cause the family extreme poverty. This was seen as an inevitable yet unfortunate part of society by the upper classes. In the late 20th century the government (under the Liberals) were seen to play two roles, to maintain law and order and to prevent invasion of Britain. No family allowances, pensions or unemployment benefits were available which meant that once in poverty, it was the responsibility of the individual to remove themselves from the situation without government help. This did however change, through reforms by the Liberal government who were heavily influenced by the surveys done by Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree, the Boer War and the shocking insight into the health of the working class it gave, attitudes of ‘new’ Liberals, ‘national efficiency’, the German model and the rise of the labour party.
... world cities due to their power and influence in regards to matters both political and cultural. In modern times, New York City provides another example of such a world city. In addition to being the most populous city of the world-power that is the United States, New York City shows itself to have an important impact on fashion, entertainment, culture, and finance across the world. Wall Street has been a financial center for decades, and the city itself has given birth to many cultural movements, such as the Harlem Renaissance. The Empire State Building could be likened to the Parthenon or the Coliseum, being a representation of the city’s architecture and one of the tallest buildings in the world. Overall, all three cities have proved themselves to have enormous worldwide influence, which ultimately designates them as three important world cities in history.
Each man has a different background and different problems with which to deal; how that person solves his problems, makes the man who he is. During the Industrial Revolution in America, technological advancements began to greatly impact the lives of the American people. To the poor people, the city was a glamorous place with a multitude of opportunities to work and gain wealth. To the rich people, the city was where their successful and monopolized businesses were located, but it was associated with continuous poverty. As America’s industrial revolution continued to grow during the Gilded Age, a gap between the wealthy and the wealth-less grew thicker in education, the economy and politics, and urbanization.
This essay seeks to investigate the negative and positive effects of migration in London. As the London Migration Observatory claim London has the largest number of migrants among all regions of the United Kingdom (UK). About 37% of the UK’s foreign-born population was in London (LMO, Dr.Rienzo and Dr.Vargas-Silva). Furthermore, According to the Benton-Smith statistic, London is the 5th International city in the world after New York, Toronto, Dubai and Los Angeles.That is why author choose this city. This research will analyze the impacts of migration to the London in the different aspects, such as social and economy.
Openness and enterprise were the foundations of Amsterdam's prosperity. The city as well as the tiny country of Holland achieved their premier position in the modern era by creating a dynamic network of global trade. Most people know that New York was originally New Amsterdam, and that the Dutch people were the pioneers of capitalism. But how did it play out?
While the aftermath of the Second World War completely destroyed the economies of several countries, especially those within Europe, the United States and Russia rebounded quickly to become the two superpowers of the world. The secret to successfully rebuilding their economies was found in the monumental technological advances made by each country. The innovative success of each nation was so great that it resulted in constant competition for each country to present the next big thing: from radio to television, the atomic bomb to the hydrogen bomb, to man walking on the moon. With such improvement in technology, it didn't take long for countries with a completely broken economy, such as Germany and Japan, to reconstruct themselves to become
Global business is widely growing and increasing day by day, it has indeed manufactured benefits to both world and individual economy of a country. It plays a vital role to make it sustain in the long term profitability and also helps to improve interconnection between countries. Tourism business is however inter-related with world business and economy as it contributes a large amount of money exchange and also cuts the boundary of cultural and social backgrounds in other words the world has become local to everyone through tourism and globalization. Tourism in other words is a business which has grown globally and has become popular by marketing its products and aquatics every where around the world.
Sassen, S. "The Global City: introducing a Concept." Brown Journal of World Affairs. 11.2 (2005): 40. Print.
Global cities are cities with substantial economic power, controlling the concentration and accumulation of capital and global investments. Despite this, global cities are the sites of increasing disparities in occupation and income. This is as a result of large in-migration and growing income inequality together with capacity and resource constraints, and inadequate Government policies.