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The Rise and Fall of Ottoman Turkey
The Rise and Fall of Ottoman Turkey
The Rise and Fall of Ottoman Turkey
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The Turkish Republic was established in 1923, after the fall of the Ottoman Empire. The Empire had been slowly declining for several centeries, this can be attributed to its inablity to keep up scientificaly and the socail and political wars. Finally the Lausanne Peacem Treaty of July 24, 1923 established the international status and boundaries of the new country. The Republic of Turkey was formally declared on October 29, 1923. It immediatly started on a course of modernization in all walks of life. Turkey would base its political and legal sytems on the modern secular models as well as strengthening its political relations with the West to reach its goals as a new republic. The goals as expressed by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the leader of the nationalist movement and first president of the Turkish Republic, were "to reach the level of contemporary civilization". To achieve these goals, a doctirne for foreign relations was created; as Atarurk said, "Peace at home, Peace in the world."
This has not been and easy task, the history and geographical location of Turkey. It lies at a "crossroads" where the two large continents of Europe and Asia meet. This unique location gives Turkey a very diverse populations, Balkan, Mediterranean, Middle Eastersn, Caucasian and Asian identities. This has highly influenced its Foreign Polocy. Its primary objective is in short to develope friendly relations with all countries, most partic...
Turkey was for 623 years part of the Ottoman Empire. In 1918 shortly after World War one allied forces occupied Turkey. This occupation prompted the Turkish War of Independence. This led to the creation of the Turkish National Movement under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, a military commander. The goal of the Turkish National Movement was to reject the terms of the Treaty of Sevres, which was a treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies. Following the end of the war in 1922 the Allied forces were removed from the country. In November 1922 Turkey abolished foreign rule and became an Independent country. The initial government was a form of parliament. However it wasn't until October 1923 that the Republic of Turkey was officially named the successor to the Ottoman Empire. Mustafa Kemal officially became the first President of Turkey and introduced many reforms with the aim of a new secular republic. A new writing system was put in place based off the Latin alphabet, full right for women were established and the famous Turkish fez was abolished.
Thanksgiving, traditionally, is a time of gathering families together to express our gratitude for one another over a large roasted turkey. According to the Huffington Post, one fifth of the total 235 million turkeys eaten in the United States are consumed on Thanksgiving Day (1). There are a number of different theories on how the turkey got its name. Some people say that Columbus thought that the land he discovered was connected to India which was known for having large flocks of peacocks. When he saw these strange large birds he thought they were related to the peacock family so he named them Tuka, which means peacock in the language of India (2). Others say that the name came from Native American’s calling them Firkee, which was later adapted to Turkey (2). Another theory is that the birds did not come directly from the New World to England. Instead, they came via merchant ships from the eastern Mediterranean Sea which were called ‘Turkey Merchants’ because a lot of the area was a part of the Turkish Empire at the time. Purchasers of the birds back home in England thought the fowl came from the area so they called them ‘turkey birds’ and soon after just ‘turkeys’ (2).
Redmond, J. (2007). Turkey and the European Union:troubled European or European trouble? International Affairs, 305-317.
3) Describe the relationship between European powers and the Ottoman Turks during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
The country of Turkey, as we know it, has only come about in the last 80 years or so. Before this time, the land of present day Turkey was referred to as Anatolia. Anatolia is considered the bridge that connects the Middle East to Europe. Despite years of occupation by differing nations, the area of present day Turkey has held some consistency and continuity. This continuity is possible because even though many count...
Nationalism, which means that, people believe not only in being loyal to their nation or state but believe in its independence, resulted in many problems for the Ottoman government. The notion of nationalism first came about with the Greeks and the Serbs, who had the most influence from Russia and the Western World. As a result, revolts which were supported by the Russians quickly escalated in the Balkans, leaving the New Ottomans, who had just taken power, with a significant problem. With the threat of Western intervention looming, the New Ottomans decided to draft a constitution that would fail miserably to the point of its suspension during the ensuing Russo-Turkish War. The root cause of the Ottoman’s problems with nationalist uprisings was the fact that the people of the Empire did not consider themselves Turks. As a result, they had no problem betraying the Empire once nationalist movements, which appeared more beneficial to their individual nation, arose. These nationalist revolts led to a large decrease in territory while also reducing the number of troops the Ottomans had access to, further advancing the snowball effect of their decline.
Turkey’s involvement in the World War 1 provided cover for extreme elements of the very nationalistic Young Turks regime to carry ...
At present there are twenty-eight member states within the European Union, most of which play a crucial part in the unions overall success. Although during the past decade five countries have made an application to become EU members, none have waited to join as long as Turkey has. Turkey have been applicants to join the European Union since 1987 and although many believe that they have proven they are stable and could bring positives to Europe, there are still those who think otherwise. This essay will explore whether or not Turkey should be allowed to join the EU or has their past and current reputation began to hinder this. This essay will also discuss the public and political disputes surrounding the matter.
As Thanksgiving approaches, most families begin preparing for the big feast. For most, this can be a stressful time. The anticipation of friends and family coming together can become overwhelming at times. Perhaps even more stressful, is the thought of cooking that perfect dinner. Traditionally prepared as the main dish, the turkey can be the turning point of a great or poor Thanksgiving. Much easier said than done, cooking the ideal plump and juicy turkey is by no means a simple and effortless task. Nevertheless, especially the for the first time turkey-cooker, having the right cooking appliances and general understanding on the art of preparing a turkey could make this seemingly daunting task into an enjoyable and educational experience.
Located on the territory of two continents Turkey represents both, Asian and European, cultures. It occupies the area of 783,562 sq. km, which includes water and borders with Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Greece, Georgia, Iraq, Iran and Syria. The geographical characteristic of Turkey is the location at the crossings of important roads connecting Europe with Asia and the Black Sea countries to the Mediterranean Sea countries. The water system, including the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus and the Dardanelles, is an important international way that connects the Black Sea to the World Ocean. One of the most beautiful and biggest cities in the world, Istanbul, (formerly Constantinople) is located in the southern part of the Bosporus. Railroads and highway routes throughout the Turkey connect Europe with many other countries.
Istanbul is where the orient meets the occident. It is where Asia and Europe diverge, or rather converge. All seems to be in harmony here. Split by the Bosphorus at the Golden Horn, Istanbul carries millennia of history, buried in her stone-paved streets and taverns.
Cicek, Kemal. “The Cambridge History of Turkey. Volume 3: The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603-1839.” Journal of the Economic &Social History of the Orient 52, no.1 (2009): 153-158. EBSCO.
This war-torn land shows nothing but death and the dying. The ground is muddy from the rain, it’s dank and sodden. Up above the trench line is barbed wire and … nothing else. No birds, no animals … no people. A few dead bodies of the brave men going to assassinate the enemy by night fall, but stopped dead in their tracks, they got picked off by the sharpshooters. No! No one ever makes it! Never! There is a constant sound of gun blasts and the sound of explosions from the grenades. The dark is lit up by the flashes of the guns against the silver clouded sky. Nobody dares to look up for more than a few seconds otherwise they will be taken out.
The National Assembly which first convened on 23 April 1920 in Ankara was the first clue to the Turkish Republic. The successful management of the War of Independence by this assembly accelerated the founding of the new Turkish State. On 1 November 1922, the offices of the Sultan and caliph were severed from one other and the former was abolished. There was no longer any administrative ties with the Ottoman Empire. On 29 October 1923, Turkish Republic was formally proclaimed and Atatürk was unanimously elected as its first President. On 30 October 1923, the first government of the Republic was formed by Ýsmet Ýnönü. Turkish Republic started to grow on the foundations of the twin principles "Sovereignty, unconditionally belongs to the nation" and "peace at home and peace abroad".
Turkey’s economy has weathered some spectacular pratfalls in the past, with a major economic crisis in 2001 almost bringing the country to its knees. What’s different in 2004 from the previous "recoveries" is how committed Turkey is to establishing firm economic footing once and for all. The government is swallowing the International Monetary Fund’s painful economic medicine, making tough choices for fiscal discipline.