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arguments against human cloning
therapeutic vs reproductive cloning
therapeutic vs reproductive cloning
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Multiple Source Essay
Cloning:
What is the Right thing to do?
Cloning offers many applications, especially in medicine, however, in spite of the many advantages, many people still consider the idea of human cloning, and the practice of cloning all together to be immoral. This opinion is rarely based on a careful analysis of facts, often only a spontaneous reaction. Cloning technology has potential for doing much good, research in human cloning should continue, although some applications of it may need to be restricted.
Cloning is the process of extracting the DNA out of a donor’s cell and implanting this genetic code in another cell in order to grow a being with identical genes, thus virtually duplicating the donor. The term clone refers to the new being that has identical genes to the donor. There are three types of cloning, when the media reports on cloning they are generally referring to reproductive cloning. There is also recombinant DNA Technology, and therapeutic cloning (McGee, Human Cloning Debate).
Reproductive cloning is a technology used to generate an animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another. Scientist transfer genetic materials from the nucleus of a donor adult cell to an egg whose nucleus has been removed. This reconstructed egg containing the DNA must be treated with chemicals or electric current to stimulate cell division. Once the cloned embryo reaches a suitable stage it is transferred to the uterus of a female host where it develops until birth (Paul Lauritzen, Cloning). The most notable example of reproductive cloning was dolly the sheep.
Another type of reproduction is “recombinant DNA technology,” or “gene cloning.” To clone a gene, a DNA fragment containing the desired gene must be obtained from the chromosomal DNA using restriction enzymes and then united with a plasmid that has been cut with the same restriction enzymes. When the fragment of chromosomal DNA is joined with its cloning vector in the lab it is called a recombination DNA molecule (Paul Lauritzen, Cloning).
The most controversial type of cloning is therapeutic cloning. The goal of this process is not to create cloned humans, but to harvest stem cells that can be used to study human development and to treat disease. Stem cells are important to b...
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...tainly improve the standards of living, simplify existing procedures, and possibly save lives. Since the common arguments against cloning can easily be refuted, the only reason why some people might oppose cloning is because they are afraid of a new technology, as stated before. Since the time Dolly the sheep was cloned there still have been few major advancements, once we are able to make a major medical breakthrough I believe that the minds of the unbelievers will change. Just like we cannot uninvent the atom bomb, we cannot forget about the technology of cloning. We have the technology now, so we should use it in a way that is most appropriate, and that will benefit the world in the best way.
Works Cited
Lauritzen, Paul. The Basics of Cloning. www.ornl.gov/hgmis
McGee, Glen. The Human Cloning Debate. New York: Berkley Hills Books, 2000
Nash, Madeleine J. “The Age of Cloning,” Time, 10 March, 1997
Pence, Gregory E. and Rachels, James. The Right Thing to Do, “Will Cloning Harm People,” New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003
Reaves, Jessica. “Bring Back the Dodo, Brave New Strides in Animal Cloning.” Time 09 October, 2000
Smith, Simon. The Benefits of Human Cloning. www.humancloning.org
Understanding the facts as well as procedures between the many different types of cloning is very crucial. When everything boils down there are three types of cloning known as DNA cloning, therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning. DNA cloning is the copying of a gene in order to transfer it into another organism which is usually used by farmers in most of their crops. Therapeutic cloning is the use of stem cells used to help take the place of whatever cell is missing which is potentially used to help the ill. Stem cells contain the potential to grow and help replace the genes that are missing in order to fix whatever is genetically wrong with your body or any genes that you may be missing. Reproductive cloning actually produces a living animal from only one parent. The endless possibilities and perhaps hidden motives of using genetic engineering are what divide as well as destroy the scientific community’s hope for passing laws that are towards pro cloning. Many people within soci...
McGee, Glenn, (2001). Primer on Ethics and Human Cloning. ActionBioscience.org. Retrieved October 3, 2004, from: http://www.actionbioscience.org/biotech/mcgee.html
Cloning has been in nature for thousands of years, a clone is a living thing made from another consisting of the same DNA. For example identical twins are clones because they have the same DNA but the differ because the twins begin after conception when a zygote, a totipotent stem cell, divides into two, some plants self-pollinate and produce a seed, which in turn, makes plants with the same genetic code (Hyde). According to the Human Genome Project there are three types of cloning, DNA, therapeutic and reproductive; DNA cloning involves transferring DNA from a donor to another organism, therapeutic cloning, known as embryo cloning, involves harvesting stem cells from human embryos to grow new organs for transplant, and last is reproductive cloning which creates a copy of the host (Conger). One of the earliest cloned animals was a sea urchin by Hans Dreisch in the late 1800’s. Unlike Victor Frankenstein, Dreisch’s goal was to prove that genetic material is not lost in cell division, not to create another being, (History of Cloning) stated by Frankenstein “that I might infuse a spark of being into the lifeless thing that lay at my feet.” There are many ways an animal...
Through the process mentioned above there has been an increase in the methods in which DNA, Reproductive and Therapeutic cloning and the processes that happen in order for cloning to occur. DNA Cloning occurs when the DNA cell is replicated, an organisms DNA is taken and placed in a Vector also known as plasmid. This self-replicating cell will then create copies of the DNA code. After being placed into a foreign host cell that is suitable for the DNA the cell will then reproduced. Reproductive cloning in some aspects of the developing stages is similar but is still completely different. Reproductive cloning is the type of cloning that has successfully created the most famous clone to live. Dolly the sheep is famous as she was the first mammal to be successfully cloned from an adult cell. In 1996 Dolly was born. Reproductive cloning uses the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer shown in figure 1 below where the nucleus from an adult cell is taken and placed into a cell which has had its nucleus removed. Scientist use electrical currents or chemicals to stimulate the cell division process to begin and the embryo is then placed in a surrogate womb where it will stay till it i...
Cloning is a process that creates exact genetic copies of an existing cell.Cloning is a more general term that describes a number of different processes that can be used to produce genetically identical copies. The process of cloning can happen either naturally, for instance, when identical twins develop or it can be induced through synthetic conditions in a laboratory. There are three different types of artificial cloning: gene cloning, reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning.
Cloning, a topic that has recently caused mayhem all over the world, is possible, but will it be here to stay? The astonishing news that scientists had cloned a sheep a couple of years ago sent people into panic at the thought that humans might be next. "Cloning is a radical challenge to the most fundamental laws of biology, so it's not unreasonable to be concerned that it might threaten human society and dignity" (Macklin 64). Since most of the opposition is coming from the pure disgust of actually being able to clone species, it makes it difficult for people to get away from the emotional side of the issue and analyze the major implications cloning would have for society. To better understand this controversial issue, the pros and cons of cloning will be discussed.
For decades, cloning was merely a topic mentioned in the text of science fiction novels. It was simply a fictitious fantasy that proved to only be for entertainment purposes. However, while all those novels and films were being produced, a multitude of scientists attempted to make what society thought of as a dream, into a reality. The science of cloning is the process of making genetic duplicate of an organism. The scientific history of cloning spans more than 100 years dating back to 1885, and still going strong today. In general, there are two main purposes for cloning: therapeutic or reproductive. Reproductive cloning is performed with the intent of making a complete organism. Therapeutic cloning is performed to harvest stem cells for use in medical treatment, such as cloning organs for transplant. There are benefits and consequences for each process that have sparked ethical and scientific debate over the years. With the help of advancements in technology in the future, cloning can provide medical breakthroughs.
When people think of the word cloning they think of evil scientist in a dark laboratory’s full of dangerous and scary instruments of science for conducting experiments, when actually the word clone means, “a cell, cell product, or organism that is genetically identical to the unit or individual from which it was derived (Dictionary.com).” In the past 50 years the science community has made many discoveries such as the cures for different life threatening diseases, different techniques of approaching different types of cancer, and different uses for the practice of cloning. Different people have many opinions about cloning. Some people in the medical field support the practice of cloning, because they believe it can help cure certain diseases by watching how they develop during the cloning process. But some people in the medical field do not support the practice of cloning, because they feel as if it is just a waste of time, and waste of money. Other people do not support the practice of cloning for religious reasons; because they feel as if things are suppose to live once and if a once living organism is artificially reproduced then it is defying the divine grace of God.
To begin with, cloning is the process of producing genetically identical individuals. Plants and animals has been a frequent
Cloning is the process of taking cells from a donor, placing them in a culture dish where the nutrients are minimal, so the cells stop dividing and switch their "active genes". The cells are then put next to an unfertilized egg. The nucleus is sucked out of the egg leaving an empty egg cell containing all the cellular machinery necessary to produce an embryo. An electric shock is used to fuse the egg and cell together. A second shock is then used to mimic the act of fertilization and help begin cell division. After the egg has successfully moved to the stage of an embryo it is then placed in to the uterus of a surrogate mother. When born, all the genes are the same as the donor of the cell.
Cloning doesn’t happen one way. Cloning can happen in two ways. The first way is for cloning to happen naturally. Identical twins are an example of cloning happening naturally. The second option for cloning is to be made in the lab. Usually Cloning is done by an Artificial Embryo, but sometimes can also come down to doing it by Somatic cell transfer. Artificial Embryo copies the natural way of being able to create identical twins. Artificial Embryo twinning is done in a lab in which takes the egg that has already been fertilized by the sperm, and eventually will result in the cells diving. This will eventually end up creating identical twins. This is similar to Somatic Cell nuclear transfer. Somatic cell nuclear transfer is done by removing the nucleus. Then, the nucleus that had been fertilized with the sperm is inserted into the enucleated egg cell. The cell is then programmed again by the host cell, and then after a little bit will start to divide. The cells ...
Binswanger, Harry. "Human Cloning Is Not Unethical." Genetic Engineering, edited by David M. Haugen and Susan Musser, Greenhaven Press, 2009. Opposing Viewpoints. Opposing Viewpoints In Context, http://link.galegroup.com.catalog.stisd.net:2048/apps/doc/EJ3010138273/OVIC?u=j031916004&sid=OVIC&xid=d0e73c7f. Accessed 11 May 2018. Originally published as "Immoral to Ban Human Cloning: Irrational Fears Must Not Block Scientific Advances," Capitalism Magazine, 19 Dec. 2003.
Finally, I told you several reasons why human cloning is good or “ethical” and its possibilities. I told you about the what human cloning and “ethical” means, the medical benefits, and the scientific research and possibilities. The real question isn’t “Is human cloning wrong or “unethical” but what would it open the door to in the future that is never
“Scientists Attempt to Clone Human Embryo.” Today's Science. Infobase Learning, Nov. 2001. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. . source 16
Hopkins, Patrick D. "Bad Copies: How Popular Media Represent Cloning As an Ethical Problem." Hastings Center Report. March/April 1998: 6-13. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 07 Dec 2011.