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Negative Effect Of Child Abuse
Negative Effect Of Child Abuse
Negative Effect Of Child Abuse
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Child abuse is the physical or emotional abuse of a child by a parent, guardian, or other person. Reports of child abuse, including sexual abuse, beating, and murder, have jumped in the United States and some authorities believe that the number of cases is largely under reported. Child neglect is also included in legal definitions of child abuse to cover instances of malnutrition, desertion, and inadequate care of a child's safety. When reported, inadequate foster care services and a legal system that has trouble accommodating the suggestible nature of children, who are often developmentally unable to distinguish fact from make-believe, complicate child abuse cases During the years of 1985 and 1996, there was a 50 percent increase in reported cases of child abuse. In 1996, three million cases of child abuse are reported in the United States each year. Also that same year some twelve hundred children died from abuse across the country. Treatment of the abuser has had only limited success and child protection agencies are overwhelmed. Recently, efforts have begun to focus on the primary prevention of child abuse. Primary prevention of child abuse must be equipped on many levels before it can be successful. Prevention, on the social level is very important and could possibly save a life. According the American Humane Association prevention should include widening the financial self-sufficiency of families, discouraging corporal punishment and other ways of violence. Making health care more available and affordable, increasing and developing coordination of social services, evolving the identification and treatment of psychological problems, and alcohol and drug abuse, providing more affordable child care and preventing the birth of unwanted children. Prevention plans on the family level include helping parents meet their basic needs, identifying problems of substance abuse and spouse abuse, and educating parents about child behavior, discipline, safety and development. In the case of child abuse, primary prevention is defined as any intervention designed for the purpose of preventing child abuse before it occurs. In 1993, three million children in the United States were reported to have been abused. Thirty-five percent of these cases of child abuse were confirmed. Data from various reporting sources indicates that improved reporting could lead to a signific... ... middle of paper ... ...nd increasing attempts to enhance their skills as parents or care givers may help save the most vulnerable people, our children, from the nightmare of abuse and neglect. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Bass, Ellen. The Courage to Heal: A Guide for Women Survivors of Child Abuse. New York: Harper & Row, 1997. 2. Davis, Laura. Stop Domestic Violence. New York: Macmillan, 1998. 3. TITLE 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/ 4. American Humane Association; http://www.americanhumane.org/ 5. The Gallup Organization. (1995). Disciplining children in America: A Gallup Poll report. Princeton, NJ 6. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System. (1998). Child maltreatment 1996: Reports from the states to the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 7. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System. (1996). Child abuse and neglect: Case-level data 1994. Working Paper I. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office
Asthma itself is an inflammatory disease characterized by increased airway responsiveness due to a variety of stimulus. The inflammation causes the hyper-responsiveness than in turn causes bronchiolar smooth muscle constriction, resulting in obstruction of airflow. Some “triggers” of asthma include:
EIA was discovered as early as the first century AD when it was observed by Aretaeus the Cappadocian that "if from running, gymnastic exercises, or any other work, the breathing becomes difficult, it is called Asthma" (Randolph, 1997, p. 54). After that, no further research or emphasis was placed on EIA until 1698 when Sir John Floyer, an asthma sufferer, wrote the Treatise on Asthma in which he reported the first delineation of asthmogenic activities. In 1864 Salter recognized that EIA was exacerbated by cold air, and in 1962 Jones determined the pattern of bronchodilation followed by bronchoconstriction that is characteristic of EIA. Such strokes stimulated additional research, and in 1984 and...
Asthma is chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by recurring episodes of wheeling and breathlessness. It often exists with allergies and can be worsened through exposure to allergens. In fact, asthma is complicated syndromes that have neither single definition nor complete explanation to the point. In light of its treatment, it is worthwhile to notice that asthma cannot be cured, instead can be only managed by avoiding exposure to allergens and/or by using medications regularly.
Air flows through the nose or mouth, down the throat toward the voice box and goes down the tracheal. Air continues until it finally gets to the air sac called the alveoli where oxygen is taken in to the blood. The air we breathe comprises of many tiny particles that must be removed before the air reaches the air sacs located deep in the lungs. “Dirty particles are partly cleaned by the hairs in the nostrils, and located in the airways are glands which produce sticky fluid called mucus” (UF 2015 URL). This mucus hides the airway by trapping dirt and germs found in it, the tiny broom-like structures called the cilia, clears the dirty mucus from the airways. This sweeps the mucus up near the throat where it can be spit out. Hydration also plays an important role in the lungs. If the air breathe in is too dry, it can damage the tiny sacs in the lungs. Thus, the air must be made moist by absorbing water. Normal lung function is also very vital with the breathing mechanism. The chest contains two lungs and is protected by the ribcage. The purpose of the lungs is to bring oxygen into the body which provides the body with energy, and the removal of carbon dioxide which is considered the waste product of the body. When asthma occurs, it affects the respiratory system, causing a contraction and tightening of the tracheal openings and inflammation of the mucus lining. A summary from Gorman, Christine states that “infection introduced into the body through bronchial passage causes the body to respond by activating defense cells from the immune system. Thus, causing the airways to be inflamed and contracting the surrounding muscles” (P.61-62). An asthmatic patient has airways that are much more sensitive and responsive than airways of a normal person. They tend to become irritated very easily, making the functions of the airways and mucus glands to become hyperactive. When an individual with
From 2001 to 2010, asthma prevalence rose from 7.3% to 8.4%, reveling just a little over a 1% percent growth in nine years (Trends in Asthma Prevalence, Health Care Use, and Mortality in the United States, 2001-2010, 2012). This does not appear as an enormous increase until we look at that 1%, as the millions of people affected yearly. In 2009, there was a reported growth of 4.7 million new asthma diagnoses. In 2010 reports showed that there was 10.5 million physician office visits and 1.8 million emergency department visits, responsible for 439,000 hospitalizations and 3,630 deaths (Evidence Summary: Control Asthma,
Understanding the pathogenesis of asthma is a solution to creating treatments that are more effective. “For more than two decades now, asthma has been recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease involving inflammation of both the central and peripheral airways” (Tulic 71). This chronic inflammation results in structural changes in the airways of the asthmatic patient, referred to as airway remodeling. Airway remodeling is the cause of the symptoms seen in asthmatics during an attack like severe dyspnea, wheezing or difficulty in expiration (Kumar and Robbins 492). There are five major aspects of the body affected by asthma, mostly due to chronic infl...
There are two types of asthma that are due to phenotypes, they are childhood onset asthma and adulthood onset asthma. Children with childhood onset asthma are atopic which means that they are affected by allergens in their environment due to genetics [5]. They are also more sensitive to the allergens on account of airway cells being sensitive to allergens [5]. Adulthood onset asthma is less prevalent than childhood onset asthma and is discovered more in men than women [5]. Adulthood onset asthma is mostly like childhood onset; nevertheless it is not affected by allergens, which is known as intr...
Most of you may not think of asthma as a killer disease, yet more that 5,000 Americans die of asthma each year. According to the Mayo Clinic web page, asthma also accounts for more that 400,000 hospital discharges annually. As the number of people with asthma increases, the more likely you are to come in contact with a person who has the disease. As far as I can remember, I have had asthma my whole life. My mother and one of my sisters also have asthma, so I have a first hand experience with it. This morning, I will discuss some interesting facts about asthma, I will specifically focus on what it is, warning signs, symptoms, causes, and the treatments that are used.
Usually, in a healthy person, there is a delicate balance among immune cells not to be oversensitive to antigens. However, in asthmatic person airway inflammation reflects the distortion of this sensitive balance. For instance exposure to defined allergies or nonspecific stimuli initiates a cascade of cellular activations resulting both acute and chronic inflammatory responses such as wheezing, chest tightness, dyspnea and cough (McPhee & Hammer, 2012).
Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition effecting the airways and lungs of millions of Americans each year. In individuals with Asthma their airways become swollen, restricted and produce extra secretions ("Asthma," Mayo Clinic). Asthma has causes that range from cold air reaction, pollution within the air, viruses and allergies. The effects of asthma can be particularly hard on children because of underdeveloped lungs. Effects of asthma include restricted breathing, increased chances of viruses, and effects of medications additionally higher chance of hospitalization in children.
Asthma is a condition whereby the sufferer has difficulty breathing due to widespread narrowing of the airways of the lungs. This narrowing can be caused by a local inflammation of the air-ways, muscle contraction or the production of excess mucus with in bronchi. (R.Roberts, 1996) Most common is bronchial asthma. Medical definitions of asthma suggest that environmental triggers can substantially contribute to the occurrence of an asthma attack. The review of asthma in Victoria (1988) by the Asthma Foundation of Victoria outlined infection, exercise, climatic conditions, exposure to airborne irritants and emotional upsets as the main trigger factors. However, doctors use a general classification to identify a patients pattern of asthma…classifying people who experience some symptoms of asthma on most days as having a chronic asthma condition. The classification system also extends to the categories of children, occupational asthma and asthma in later life. Usually regular medication is required to keep the lungs functioning as normally as possible. Some chronic asthmatics have severe symptoms over a long period of time and may require long term or indefinite medication to be able to lead a normal life. (Lane, 1996)
Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases, which inflames and narrow the airway of the lung. It affects people from all age groups, often starting during childhood and it is a global health problem. In USA, it is known that more than 25 million people have asthma where 7 million of then are children. This chronic disease seriously confines child’s activity, often has exacerbation that result in emergency department visits and hospitalization. It is allied with at least 4,000 deaths per year and it account for 10 million school absences per year (American Academy of Allergy Asthma & Immunology).
In particular, the pathophysiology of asthma is complicated due to the inflammation involves result in oedema of the airways, airway obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. It has been suggested that asthma can be divided into two main pathophysiology process. Firstly, the early phase asthmatic reaction. Clinically has a short reaction
Millions of people suffer from asthma.. Many of them have different things that can trigger an attack. (Thesis)
Child abuse is a social problem in America that has many contributed factors. Factors that contribute to child abuse and neglect includes poverty, divorce, substance use, lack of education, stress due to unemployment, mental health issues, teenage parent, and a history of child abuse in the family. It took decades for physicians to conclude that parents have been violently assaulting their children. Child abuse, child labor, juvenile delinquency, and similar social questions historically were ethical and moral problems, not strictly medical ones. (Helfer, Kempe, & Krugman, 1997). In 1962, the Journal of American Medical Association published “The Battered-Child Syndrome.” The article transformed society’s views and dates the rediscovery of child abuse as a social problem. Following this article, the U.S. Children’s Bureau adopted the first laws mandating physicians to report any suspicions of abuse and neglect to the police or child welfare. By 1974, some 60,000 cases were reported. In 1980, the number exceeded one million (Myers J. E., 2004).