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Ceramics of the North and South Coasts
Ancient Peruvian Ceramics of the North Coast March 11, 1997 The first pottery pieces found in Peru were made somewhere between 1500 and 1000 b.p. The pieces were found in the central Andean region where a religious cult lived. This cult was called Chavín, after the best known ceremonial center, Chavín de Huántar. The religious center was the home to massive temples that were highly embellished with low relief sculptures of gods, animals, and symbols. The pottery found in the area where vessels that were well made and highly decorated with a similar motif as the temples. But the evolution of Peruvian pottery becomes somewhat confusing and complex after this first civilization of potters.
There is a division of people into the North Coast and the South Coast. The split created two styles of pottery, although similar, they never quite merge. I am only going to talk about the north coast traditions. On the North coast there are five cultures that evolve into the dominant Mochica style, which was one of the most vigorous and prosperous cultures of Ancient Peru. The next earliest North Coast style, other than the Chavín, started with the Cupisnique people in the Chicama valley. Their ceramics “closely resembled those of highland Chavín. They were well made and polished, though somewhat thick walled and heavy. The type of firing used produced a dark semireduced ware that varied from brownish gray to carbon black in color. Decoration consisted of bold, curvilinear human, feline, and birds of pray heads, eye patterns, pelt markings, and other brief symbols of geometric devices.” In the valley to the south of the Cupisnique were the Salinar people who sometime during the fifth century b.p. moved into the north coast of Peru and spread its influence throughout the Cupisnique area. Salinar pottery, “though deceptively primitive in ornamentation, was technologically superior to that of the Cupisnique. Vessels were made of well-prepared clays that were fully oxidized in firing, making them an even orange color. Cream and red slips were used to accentuate sculptural forms and create flat geometric patterns, but not to draw figurative motifs. The technical advances of the controlled oxidation firing and slip decoration soon had their effect on contemporary Cupisnique ceramics.” Personally, I enjoyed the bottle forms they used wi...
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...V period they had an extensive kingdom established and it brought together the peoples of all the north coast valleys. The ceramics were decorated in flowing, expressive lines and the modeled vessels showed attention to individual detailed ornamentation. But the creative flow in the ceramic styles was hindered somewhat because of a strict militant rule of the warrior-priest class that was beginning. Yet this was still the most creative time for the Mochica people. The final period in Mochica ceramics, due to a collapse of the culture, brought an abrupt termination of the great art tradition that it had expressed so well. The vessels found from this period show a carelessness in painting designs, and less attention to details in the sculptural forms.
Many of the figures modeled in to the vessels were warriors dressed for combat. The decline in quality that can be observed, and the nervousness and tension that were expressed in their designs and forms was related to the pressure from the militant expansionist group, the Wari. The struggle between the Mochica and the Wari, was long and fierce, ending in a total collapse of their culture and a loss a 1200 year ceramic tradition.
In conclusion, although Mycerinus and Kha-merer-nebty II and Augustus of Primaporta, do appear very different, come from entirely different geographic regions and were separated by thousands of years, they do have many things in common. When we consider subject, style, and function; perhaps other works of art have more in common than they appear to have.
In a much busier world (Spain), lived a very adventurous, religious, and loyal man named Christopher Columbus. Born in Genoa, Italy, Christopher Columbus was the son of a very skilled weaver. He was an expert sailor, thus earning the title of “Admiral of the Ocean Sea” for himself after his successful expeditions. He had a favorite ship, Santa Maria although he had two other ships (Nina and Pinta). Like most sailors of his time, he knew that the world was round. However, he assumed the world was smaller and he believed he could go on a successful expedition to Asia in search of wealth.
In today's global economy, energy is one of the most crucial and sought after commodities. Who supplies it and how much they supply determines how much influence they have over other countries as well as the global economy. This is why hydraulic fracturing is currently such an important and controversial topic in the United States. Hydraulic fracturing, more commonly known as "fracking" or hydrofracturing, is the process of using pressurized liquids to fracture rocks and release hydrocarbons such as shale gas, which burns more efficiently than coal. This booming process of energy production provides a much needed economic boost, creating jobs and providing gas energy for Americans. The efficiently burning shale gas reduces carbon emission from electricity production plants, reducing carbon footprints on the environment. However, the process of hydraulic fracturing uses millions of gallons of pressurized liquid, which contains toxic chemicals, and some of this water is left over undealt with. The air near fracking sites is often also polluted and unsafe for nearby community residents. Injecting millions of gallons of water laced with toxic chemicals into the rock thousands of feet deep can cause earthquakes, causing a safety hazards for all nearby areas. Hydraulic Fracturing makes rare natural gases easily attainable, boosting the economy and reducing carbon emissions. However, the negative side effects such as contaminated water and air, make hydraulic fracturing a process that may not be worth the benefits.
Another reason why the U.S should significantly increase fracking because fracking plays a key role in our nation's clean energy future. Fracking causes the U.S. to have vast reserves of natural gas that are commercially viable as a result of advances in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technologies enabling greater access to gas in shale formations. Responsible development of America's shale gas resources offers important economic, energy security, and environmental benefits.
The immediate impact of hydraulic fracking is the economic gain from drilling. With so much money involved in gas oil all Americans see a gain. Starting with the land owners to the proprietor of a local restaurant and even households far away from drilling sites everyone ei...
No matter how you look at the effects of fracking, the loose is greater than the gain. It could help the country economically, by providing many jobs and being able to produce our own fuels. We would save a lot of money, but would be wasting our environment. The effects of the chemicals used would slowly be killing us. They would be left in our ground water and we would consume this without even knowing. Our water sources would become so contaminated that we would not be able to consume it. If we do not stop fracking now, we will only be asking for a dangerous future.
First of all, fracking costs a lot of money and requires tons of supplies. Each gas well needs about 400 tanker trucks to carry water and supplies to and from the site. A frack well is the site of fracking (like the hole), and a fracking job is just one frack or one time of sending the drill down the well extracting oil. There are about 500,000 fracking wells in the United States, a fracking site can be fracked 18 times, and 8 million gallons of water are used for one fracking job. By multiplying 500,000 times 8 million times 18, you’ll find out that 72 trillion gallons of water and 360 billion gallons of chemicals needed to run the U.S. current gas wells. If fracking is banned, this money could go towards a better cause to help people.
Once I sat down to make my pottery, I decided to make something I thought would have been useful to hunter-gatherer societies, to the individuals that first utilized pottery. I tried to imagine what sorts of vessels would have been a necessity to these people. I concluded that a larger container capable of carrying water over distances would have been more useful than a smaller bowl. I wanted to make a container large enough to transport water. It needed to be light enough to carry for long periods of time. And, it would have to be durable so as not to crack or spill water while being transported. With these thoughts in mind, I began molding my clay.
In his article “How Fracking Is Bad for Our Bodies,” Jason Silverstein who is a lecturer and writer in residence in the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine at Harvard Medical School states the problem of hydraulic fracking in cities in the US. Silverstein article, which was published in, The Atlantic, on October 8, 2013, shows the problems caused by hydraulic fracking. Although Silverstein provides a wide array of disadvantages of fracking, he does not mention any advantages brought by fracking.
Soon after, Columbus moved to Spain, where his plans won the support of several influential persons, and he secured an introduction, in 1486, to Isabella I, queen of Castile. About this time, Columbus, then a widower, met Beatriz Enriquez, who became his mistress and the mother of his second son, Ferdinand Columbus. In Spain, as in Portugal, a royal commission rejected his plan. Columbus continued to seek support, however, and in April 1492 his persistence was rewarded: Ferdinand V, king of Castile, and Queen Isabella agreed to sponsor the expedition. The signed contract stipulated that Columbus was to become viceroy of all territories he located; other rewards included a hereditary peerage and one-tenth of all precious metals found within his jurisdiction.
Even though the United States is producing large amounts of oil and gas, we as a country can continue to produce more in order to help energy stability. The dangers of fracking could outweigh the benefits of being a leader in natural gas. We do not know all of the dangers in the fracking fluid. Hydrocarbon resources will run out eventually, and it is estimated that if we start to frack, we will be a global leader. In one hundred years, the oil and natural gas will run out. Hydrofracking is a process that will change the United States and our energy needs for many years. Fracking can help us become an independent country in natural gas and oil. It can bring energy stability to the United States.
From 2500BC-1000BC, the villages who prospered near the Pacific coast expanded and became complex societies. Correspondingly, farming and trading with other villages became a common way of living. Improvements in the slash-and-burn technique and the use of new root crops highly increased the chances of economic prosperity. Arawak-speaking peoples begin to settle and expand in the Amazon Basin, which created multiple dialects as they moved. Near the Atlantic coast, the communities created middens: areas where wastes were dumped; habitation mounds, and ritual platforms. During 1000BC-500BC, the Chavin civilization appears in the highlands of Peru. The first urban civilization in South America had temple complexes and produced fine textiles and po...
Fracking is a highly controversial practice that utilizes the injection of water, chemicals and abrasives to extract relatively inaccessible pockets of natural resources. Although fracking has the potential to benefit the economy, it may also pose a significant impact on the environment, the ecosystem and safety.
Fracking allows the pursuit of natural gas and is cracking the shale rock underground to release the trapped gas; chemically treated water and sand release natural gas deposits. Fracking will impact the economic development and revenue in some positive ways as far as creating jobs, especially in some places where jobs are scarce. It can also help with economic growth in the idea of helping to improve the natural gas industry and technology. Fracking natural gas can help America restrain from its need on oil and coal. When fracking it can destroy the natural soil which blocks the production of crops and which also makes revenue low as well; which means no money for families that need it. With the land being destroyed there cannot be cattle in
While pottery from Ancient Greece shows cultural beliefs and practice of religion in Ancient Greece it also shows ways for archaeologists to be able to study chronology. Not only is some ancient pottery important to us, pottery was especially important to the Greeks as well. After all, the clay items were used everyday for storing food and drinks. There are many distinct qualities in the different shapes of pottery. Such as curving at the top (vases) or straight sides with a curved bottom so nothing could come out (cups). These include cups, plates, vases, jugs, and massive amphorae. The most common piece of pottery was the amphorae which was mainly used to store wine. This was because amphoras tended to be bigger in size after the potters had made them. Speaking of potters and making pottery it was actually really difficult to make pottery since it was such a long process.