Downs Syndrome (Mongolism)
All children that are born with Downs Syndrome (previously called ‘mongolism’) have a common characteristic appearance and may also share similar congenital birth defects.
Dr John Downs, of whom the condition is so named after, found that children who were born with these similar characteristics and that after testing were complete. It was found that there was a common chromosome abnormality, which is known as ‘Trisomy 21’ (Cunningham, 1996).
Every pregnant woman is at risk of having a Downs Syndrome child. For example 1 in 1,000 women who are 28yrs will give birth to a child with this condition. However, the risk is much greater with a woman who is 38yrs, increasing the risk by approximately 1 in 200 births.
Until recently, it was thought that a woman’s age was the only indicator to the risk involved. However, advances in medical practise can now carry out tests out by looking at a woman’s hormone and protein levels during pregnancy. Also with the information of the expectant mother’s age and the use of maternal screening, two thirds of Downs Syndrome infants can be identified whilst still in the womb.
Research into the origins of Downs Syndrome has been carried out worldwide all with one common question in mind; is the condition genetic, thus making it hereditary?
However, research that has been carried out has found, that children born with this condition have the same genetic makeup as a child born without the condition. However, there is one difference and that is a child born with Downs Syndrome, will have an extra chromosome.
By having just one chromosome extra is enough to tip the finely tuned balance of the human body and will in turn produce physical and intellectual characteristics that are found in Downs Syndrome.
It is commonly known that genes are passed from parent to child. And those most have two copies of every gene. In general one copy is passed on from both mother and father at the time of conception. The genes are made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). The arrangement of chemicals in the DNA strand is different for every gene (Cunningham, 1996). The genes are grouped together in long thin, thread like strands called chromosomes. Therefore, it is these chromosomes that carry the essential information, which will determine how we look, how healthy we are and whether there will be c...
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...statements in to context, it is meant that essentially this is the ‘social model of disability’. In simple terms, this means that it is the environment (both physically and society’s attitudes), which are the problems and not the condition that leads to physical mental impairments. With this model, the emphasis is on overcoming the negative environments so that a person with different needs, qualities and attributes can feel included in that community.
As the human race goes forward into the new millennium, is not time that we pick up those less able and carry them with us, instead of leaving them behind hoping the problem may go away ?…
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Carr. J. (1995): Downs Syndrome: Children Growing Up. London: Cambridge University Press.
Cassell. S. (1996): New Approaches To Downs Syndrome. London: Brian Stratford & Pat Gunn.
Cunningham. C. (1996): Downs Syndrome: An Introduction For Parents. London: Souvenir Press.
Rees. P. (1992): Heart Children.
Surrey: Heart Line Association.
Selikowitz. M. (1997): Downs Syndrome: The Facts.
London: Oxford University Press.
http://www.ds-health.com/trisomy.htm
http://www.nas.com/downsyn/benke.html
Down syndrome is a disorder that comes with some defects, such as in the face, heart, sight, and hearing, and other health related problems. It also is the most common genetic defect, affecting many babies. Down syndrome is caused when the chromosomes are being divided during meiosis the cell keeps both copies of chromosome #21, which means the person with Down syndrome has an extra copy in every cell in their body. This is a sad genetic disorder that can change a person's life. Even though it is a devastating gene mutation, the people with Down syndrome are some of the most loving of all people.
“About 13 of every 10,000 babies born in the United States each year is born with Down syndrome. It affects an equal number of male and female babies” (Johnson P. A. 2014). Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that found across the world, however it is more prevalent in the United States. The cause of the disorder roots to the paring of the human chromosomes. A normal human receives 23 pairs of chromosomes, each pair coming from mother and father. In Down syndrome most people affected have an abnormal cell division of the chromosome. Both parents are carriers of the There are three types of variations that includes trisomy 21, mosaic, and translocation.
Malcolm X was born on May 19th, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska under the name Malcolm Little. Malcolm had seven siblings. When Malcolm was six his father died. After his father’s death, his mother dealt with depression. In 1937, she was sent to a mental institute where she remained for 26 years until death. X attended school at Mason High. In 1939, his teacher questioned him about what he wanted to be when he grew up, he said he wanted to become a lawyer. His teacher told him, "You got to be realistic … you need to think of something you can do … why don't you consider carpentry?" Malcolm dropped out the following year. In 1940, Malcolm moved to Boston and turned to selling drugs and stealing until 1946 when he was charged with larceny and sentenced 10 years. X was visited by his brothers who had joined the Nation of Islam, a group of black Muslims who accepted and embraced black nationalism. He converted to the NOI upon his release from prison. After release,
A child who has Down Syndrome will have exclusive individual characteristics which they have inherited from their parents. The child may resemble their father, mother, grandmother, or aunt. This is true not only for their outward appearance but also for their temperament and physical and intellectual abilities. Children with Down Syndrome have different traits, for instance some can be easy-going while other are stubborn, some may like music while others show no interest. matter what, each of these children are unique and special in their own way.
Down syndrome also known as “trisomy 21” is a genetic condition in which a child is born with an extra chromosone which causes certain features and delays in development. In sexual reproduction (meiosis) the new cell will have half of the mothers chromosones 23 and half of the fathers chromosones 23 to make a total of 46 (23 pairs) in the new cell (zygote). In a child with Down Syndrome they will have an extra chromosone 21 making a total of 47 chromosones. There is no specific reason why this extra chromosone is present but the older the mother is when giving birth the more likely that her baby will have Down syndrome.
Down's syndrome is not a disease and therefore people with Down syndrome do not suffer nor are they victims of their condition.Down Syndrome is a natural disorder coming from a chromosome defect. It is a genetic condition in which a person has 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46. Which causes mental impairment and physical deformity.For example short stature , broad facial profile and weak muscle tone.It occurs in approximately one in every 800 live births.It is the most frequently occurring chromosomal disorder. Down syndrome is not related to race, nationality, religion or socioeconomic status.(medline plus)
of the cells, instead of the norm of two. Generally, Down syndrome is not hereditary since it is
All three types of Down syndrome have an extra chromosome or part of chromosome 21 in one or all the cells. The extra chromosome changes the way an embryo develops and changes the physical and mental characteristics of the child. It is unknown what exactly causes nondisjunction. Although it is unknown, research has shown that the chances of having a child with Down syndrome go up as the woman’s age goes up. Even though the chances goes up the older the woman is, 80% of Down syndrome cases occur in woman under the age of 35. Although age can cause nondisjunction, there is nothing that proves that age is linked to translocation. This is due to more women having children at a younger age. Nothing as of today has been proven that any activities of the parents during or before pregnancy has affected the chance of the child developing Down syndrome. Also, there is no proof that the environment of the child causes Down syndrome. Most cases of Down syndrome have not been inherited from the parents, but 5% of the cases are due to the father’s
I will go further to state that Migration of people is not a new phenomenon, as people have always migrated from one country to another for various reasons. However, these movements may have certain enormous effect on the African continent, and it might also as well have a negative impact on the current development process that the region is undergoing (ILO, 2009). Apart from economic and war driven migrants (refugees); there is also another group of migrants (students) which are from different parts of Africa in search for better education abroad. The migration of Africans into Europe and America can be traced back to the 1960s, when large number of Africans migrated, engaging in an unprecedented expansion of access to education across Europe and America (Adepoju, 2004).
Down syndrome is caused by a problem with a baby’s chromosome. Chromosomes are cell structures made up genetic DNA (“Chromosomes”). Most people with Down syndrome have 47 chromosomes. This changes the way the brain
Down syndrome, a genetic disorder, is the most common cause for intellectual disabilities, occurring at an average of one out of every 700 births (CDS, 2006). This disorder is caused by the extra chromosome 21 (also known as Trisomy 21). According to Hassold and Sherman (2002), the probability of giving birth to a child with DS is not linked to any race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status or geographic location. Maternal age seems to be the only etiological factor that may cause DS.
In 1859, English Biologist Charles Darwin suggested a process in which species change over time which is known as natural selection. Darwin did not discover natural selection using genetics as he had no knowledge of genetics since it had not been discovered. Since then genetics has provided the solid evidence to support natural selection as the process by which evolution occurs. He began his journey in 1831 when he went to work on the HMS Beagle where he spent five years drawing maps of lands they visited and keeping a journal of their findings with his crew members. Darwin observed that many species that were related, faintly differed depending on where they were found. Darwin’s observation was influenced by the writings of Thomas Malthus, who proposed a constant battle for survival among species which led to Darwin’s Controversial theory The Origin of species in 1859. A century has passed since Darwin has presented his Theory of Evolution through natural selection where he argued that species
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