Ethical Issues of Genetic Screening
Introduction
As we approach the 21st century, we as a society are increasingly bombarded with technical advances. One such area of advancement is the research involved with the Human Genome Mapping Project (HGMP). HGMP is a multi-billion dollar world wide research collaboration interested in sequencing the entire human genome. Started on October 1, 1990, with a group of over 350 labs, and expected to finish within the next 5 to 7 years, the Human Genome Mapping Project has given rise to many important advancements and many discoveries about the genetic make-up of humans (Bylinsky, 1994). With these advances come many ethical questions and concerns. The ability to screen an individual for specific disease will, in the future, play a major role in each of our lives. Genetic screening is defined in Genethics, by Suzuki and Knudson (1990), as "the examination of the genetic constitution of an individual - whether a fetus, a young child or a mature adult - in search of clues to the likelihood that this person will develop or transmit a heritable defect or disease."
In the 1860's, it was known that progeny tended to resemble it parents; but how or why this occurred was a mystery. An Augustinian Monk by the name of Gregor Mendel was studying the passage of traits in pea plants. His pure bred lines and careful observation were the footing upon which modern genetic theory was based. Little did he know that his garden of peas would eventually open the door to billions of dollars of research and years of legal and ethical debates (Griffiths et. al., 1996).
Since the days of Mendal and his peas, there have been leaps and bound in knowledge. These advances have developed to the point that we ha...
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Genes are expected to give offspring hereditary similarities to the parent. However, this was not known and Gregory Mendel asked himself what was passed on by parents to their offspring that is the basis for similarity. Mendel would go on through experiments with pea plants to answer short questions. The answers were short as well as to say that the passing of characteristics from parents to the offspring is throug...
Since theatre was established as an art form, it has constantly been changing and developing as new methods of theatre styles came to light. This is also true with how musical theatre developed into how we know it today. Vaudeville and burlesque were forms of theatre in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s that forged the way for the American musical to emerge. The elements that writers used from vaudeville allowed for not just musical acts to be performed during the course of the story, but eventually became a way for the story to further be told. The American musical was not always as big as it is today, and vaudeville and burlesque acts made it possible for such a type of performance style to develop. Musical writers used multiple elements, not just the song element, in their stories. This change did not just happen overnight. The evolution from vaudeville and burlesque was a gradual one, taking years to further develop the performance styles into the Broadway musical we can see today.
Motion pictures from Hollywood had taken Broadway’s place as the king of entertainment. The main reason behind this was that because it was culturally relevant and coming out with new flashy techniques such as Todd-AO and Cinerama.
Broadway was immensely affected by the Great Depression and World War II. The economy of the depression banned lots of shows creating show decline in the 1940s. The number of Broadway people affected by the stock market crash was uncountable. Many different people, from ushers, whose theaters remained dark, and producers, such as Flo Ziegfeld, were affected by the crash. The previous seasons such as the 1929-1930 season produced 233 productions, which dropped down to only 95 productions in 1945. This was another reason many theater people lost their jobs. Many people also joined the communist party during the time of the Great Depression, they believed the American system was failing and the Soviet system seemed promising. The need of money was becoming greater and seemed more promising in Moscow where theater people were actually making a living. The mass shift to the communist party resulted in a change in dramas in many off-Broadway theaters, which now included social protest, using the slogan “Theater as a weapon”. Postwar, the cost of mounting all Broadway productions “spiraled out of control” faster then the cost of a ticket, which doubled in the following ten years. The new Theater League and the Theater Union produced passionate dramas in order to propagate the working class and left-wing productions became fashionable. Despite the negative impacts on Broadway, these po...
There really was no need for vaudeville theater, but it was still beneficial to Americans in multiple ways. For the performers, also known as vaudevillians, it was a way to express their creativity and talents with the rest of America. They would travel virtually everywhere and anywhere to entertain others, from small towns to the big New York cities. Not only that, but this was how vaudevillians made their living. It was their way of life, and the things they did would greatly impact not just their success, but their profit
In the first part of the 20th century, musical theatre consisted of vaudeville and minstrel shows....
He was born with a long family history of business, politics and community services. His grand father was the vice president of a national bank, and his father was a prominent lawyer. Early in life it was obvious that Bill Gates inherited the ambition, intelligence and competitive spirits that helped the rest of his family rise to the top in their chosen professions. In elementary school he quickly surpassed all of his peer's abilities in nearly all subjects, especially in math and science. His parents recognized his intelligence and decided to enroll him in Lakeside, a private school known for its intense academic environment.
The Human Genome Project is the largest scientific endeavor undertaken since the Manhattan Project, and, as with the Manhattan Project, the completion of the Human Genome Project has brought to surface many moral and ethical issues concerning the use of the knowledge gained from the project. Although genetic tests for certain diseases have been available for 15 years (Ridley, 1999), the completion of the Human Genome Project will certainly lead to an exponential increase in the number of genetic tests available. Therefore, before genetic testing becomes a routine part of a visit to a doctor's office, the two main questions at the heart of the controversy surrounding genetic testing must be addressed: When should genetic testing be used? And who should have access to the results of genetic tests? As I intend to show, genetic tests should only be used for treatable diseases, and individuals should have the freedom to decide who has access to their test results.
Bill was born on October 28th, 1955 his parents are William H. Gates Sr and Mary Maxwell Gates. Since he was a child he was interested in computers. “His education started at a local private school known for tough academic standards. When he was first introduced to computers he would skip class to work with the machine. After getting in trouble he gave up computers to focus on education for a year. He dropped out of harvard after his sophomore year because of his success with computers”(Mcguire 1). He was so interested in computers he dropped out of Harvard one of the best schools in America to pursue computers. Due to all of Gates knowledge on computers he was easily able to get a job “Gates' first professional job came soon after he and his computer friends wrote The Problem Report Book, a 300-page manual they compiled after going through the garbage bins of Seattle's Computer Center Corporation (CCC) and finding all the programmers' errors. CCC officials were so impressed with the boys that they gave them jobs”(Mcguire 1). Gates was easily able to get a job by just finding errors in a computer software because of how much he knew about computers. Bill Gates past knowledge of computers helped him become who he is
Genetic testing has become a highly controversial issue among both the general population and the scientific community. It is a process that exposes a person’s entire genome sequence, allowing it to be read and evaluated to identify potential risks for genetic diseases or diseases that could be passed onto offspring (Holt Productions, 2012). With thousands of genetic tests already being used, and more being established, it seems logical to put this growing technology to use. Some agree that it is a person’s right to know and understand his or her genetic makeup. However, others argue that, despite the benefits of genetic testing, caution should be used to carefully inspect the risks associated with this new technology.
While Bill Gates was at junior high a group of parents raise money to purchase the first computerized terminal in the school. When that happened he decided to take all his time to work on that system teaming with other students to learn about different operating systems. He excelled in his learning of systems and he started developing ideas to make business with companies in order to learn how they make their terminals. His mind for busi...
Although functions of mediators and arbitrators have several characteristics in common, there are significant instrumental differences that make them distinct from one another. Firstly, whereas the arbitration process is similar to litigation in its adversarial nature, in which parties have the objective to win the dispute, the fundamental goal of mediation is to bring the disputants to settlement through compromise and cooperation without finding a guilty party. In arbitration, parties compete against each other in “win-lose” situation. During mediation, parties work on mutually acceptable conditions with the assistance of a facilitator. In this process, mediators do not have power to make decisions, they work to reconcile the competing needs and interests of involved parties. The mediator’s tasks are to assist disputants to identify, understand, and articulate their needs and interests to each other (Christopher W. Moore,
...sfied with the outcome and resolution from the mediation session, the parties are given liberties to engage with a court procedure.
Historically performing was used by animals to attract mates, often with the art of dance or song. Those techniques were so effective that they have lived on and still occur today. Starting in approximately five hundred B.C. however, the performing arts that we know and love came to fruition (Hancock). Theaters started being built out of stone and mud for people to gather around and watch/listen to the acts. Since that period in time, the performing arts have gained a rich history ranging anywhere from spreading awareness for social issues such as racism and homophobia, to encouraging rebellion in oppressive governments. Technology has affected this world with its progression and as such has affected the performing arts. Theaters were once completely open, with pits for the middle class and typically less educated and platforms for the rich and sophisticated individuals (Winthrop University). If in a large venue, actors had to project so much