Downsizing And Reengineering The American Public And Private Sector Wheels of Industry
Over the past decade, more and more American organizations are downsizing and reengineering as a means of eliminating excesses in corporate staffing, bureaucracy, and expenditures. This is true today whether it’s a for-profit company or not-for-profit company. Constant change is a new way of life as companies strive to meet customers needs and the ability to successfully innovate, time after time to achieve competitive advantages. Moreover, American companies are facing a fierce global environment and are downsizing to achieve cost-lowering efficiencies to render their firm more fit to combat tenacious global competitors. American organizations are also downsizing in an effort to cope with fundamental and structural changes in economies and markets.1
Because downsizing and reengineering is excessively used in today’s organizations, we must not mistakenly confuse the two terms, and since American organizations are faced with the problem of massive overhauling, we must understand the meaning and the purpose of both. We must also consider the fundamental approaches organizations use in implementing downsizing. In addition, we must look at the cost benefits to the organizations, as well as the competitive advantages are that achieved. Moreover, while little emphasis of the employee is considered in terms of workforce reduction, there is a need to look at the adverse affects on the employee and the personnel problems that organizations incur due to the aftermath of downsizing.
Downsizing is associated and often confused with numerous terms. The term "downsizing" was coined to define the scaling down of the car by sizes by automobile manu...
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...ture. AMACOM American Management Association, 1987
(Pg. 55-67).
6Cohen, Steven and Eimicke, William. The New Effective Public
Manager. Jossey-Bass Publishers. San Francisco, 1995 (197-199)
7Tomasko, Robert M. Downsizing: Reshaping the Corporation for the
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8Tomasko, Robert M. Downsizing: Reshaping the Corporation for the
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9Tomasko, Robert M. Downsizing: Reshaping the Corporation for the
Future. AMACOM American Management Association, 1987
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10Cohen, Steven and Eimicke, William. The New Effective Public
Manager. Jossey-Bass Publishers. San Francisco, 1995
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11Cohen, Steven and Eimicke, William. The New Effective Public
Manager. Jossey-Bass Publishers. San Francisco, 1995
(Pg. 109-111).
To conclude, Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice displays many varied opinions on love and marriage. Elizabeth Bennet’s unconventional view that marriage is for love can be seen to completely contrast the conventional and materialistic views from her friend Charlotte Lucas, and her mother Mrs Bennet. Austen help’s readers to understand these differing views through her various writing techniques throughout the
Today, many health care organizations have been forced to reduce their workforce due to the downturn of the economy. Marshall and Broas (2009) state that whenever health care organizations conduct a reduction in force (RIF); there is the potential for legal risk. However, with proper planning and implementing, employers can minimize the risk of litigation (Marshall & Broas, 2009; Segal, 2001). Hence, before carrying out a 10% reduction in workforce, there are a number of steps that need to be taken to ensure it is successful.
‘Pride and Prejudice’ is a novel fixated on marriage: throughout, all the ‘action’ occurs within scenes devoted to either the talk of marriage or actual proposals. This cannot be expounded more than within the very first line: ‘It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife’. Here, at the beginning of the novel, a definite, though somewhat sarcastic, statement introduces the main theme of the novel – marriage- and, possibly more importantly, not love.
The elaborate characterization in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice allows the reader to further understand the outcomes of the budding relationships and long marriages which she displays. With these distinguished dispositions comes a complexity that applies to several romances in the novel which emphasize Austen’s theme of marriage for true love. In comparing both the personalities and the relationships of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet to those of Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth, we can see how the contradiction to society's expectations of young women marrying for wealth results in a stronger love, and a happy marriage.
Organizational change, particularly large-scale change, becomes part of the company’s history; therefore, it is crucial that senior leadership plan the change thoroughly. Planning may include understanding the current state of the organization, the external and internal environment, and identifying the organization’s long-term vision simultaneously. Choosing the right approach is significant in the change process as it may be true with British Airlines’ wildcat strike blunder. This blunder is now added to British Airway history where they lost 40 million pounds because of an oversight. Ideally, changes in the organization will have minimal employee impact and operational disruption; however, this is not the case with British Airways when
The central theme of Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice is marriage, as indicated in the opening line of the book:
Gairola, Rahul. “Burning with Shame: Desire and South Asian Patriarchy, from Gayatri Spivak’s ‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’ to Deepa Mehta’s Fire.” Comparative Literature 54:4 (Fall 2002). 307-324. EBSCOhost.
Nowadays, organizational change has a serious implication for the survival of an organization (Furst & Cable, 2008). Change is critical, necessary, and has becomes a key factor to win the game.
Faced with changing markets and higher competition, more and more firms are struggling to reestablish their dominance, keep market share, and in some cases, ensure their survival. Many have come to understand that the key to competitive success is to transform the way they function. They are reducing reliance on managerial authority, formal rules and procedures, and narrow divisions of work. In effect, companies are moving from the hierarchical and bureaucratic model of organization that has defined corporations since World War II to what can be called the task-driven organization where what has to be done governs who works with whom and who leads. But while senior managers understand the necessity of change to cope with new competitive realities, they often misunderstand what it takes to bring it about.
Pride and Prejudice, an enamoring novel composed by Jane Austen, is the narrative of Elizabeth and her enterprise testing society and winding up somewhere down in intimate romance. Pride and Prejudice happens in a town outside of London called Hertfordshire, where the pursuer takes after Elizabeth, her companions, and her family as they scan for affection in the nineteenth century. The writer composes of Elizabeth's voyage of ending up, as well as discovering intimate romance with Mr. Darcy at last. Austen herself never wedded, something that was exceptionally untraditional for her time. She conflicted with regularity and realized that marriage was for adoration, not cash the same number of individuals regularly remembered it as. This perspective from the creator is drawn out for us through a real thought in the novel. The subject of ladies and marriage conventions in the nineteenth century is obviously exhibited through a considerable lot of the characters in Austen's novel.
Jane Austen’s book, Pride and Prejudice, shows the reader the importance of marrying, and, hopefully, marrying well, but also the important of marrying for love. Jane Austen was born in1775, and the world that she grew up in was one that was very limited for women. Jane was very lucky in the fact that her parents knew how important an education was for all children. She was sent to school, but she received most of her education at home from the books in her father’s library. David Nokes states in his book, Jane Austen, A Life, that “at an early age, Jane had determined that, whatever else might be her fate, she would not indulge the role of charming female imbecile” (103). In her book, Austen shows us many different characters and how they go about the whole game of marriage. There are five relationships depicted in the book: Mr. and Mrs. Bennet, Mr. and Mrs. Gardiner, Charlotte Lucas and Mr. Collins, Lydia and Wickham, Jane and Bingley, and Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy.
The leaders of U.S. corporations must also recognize that the makeup of the overall American work force today is vastly different from what it w...
Welty, Eudora. The Eye of the Story: Selected Essays and Reviews. London: Virago, 1987. Print.
Literature is the analytical, critical, emotional and psychological expression of human life which is nothing but a bouquet of multi-coloured relationships like filial relationship, conjugal relationship and sibling relationship. Though all the relationships are important part of life yet man-woman relationship is considered the most pervading human relationship. Emphasizing the importance and value of the man-woman relationship, D.H. Lawrence, a great English novelist, points out in ‘Morality and the Novel’, “The great relationship for humanity will always be the relation between man and woman. The relation between man and man, woman and woman, parent and child will always be subsidiary.” (1972: l30)
It is apparent that the only thing constant in business is change. Organizational change is often an overwhelming challenge for business leaders, managers and employees alike. The need for change may be the result of market shifts, economic environment, technology advancements or changing work force skill-set demands. Today Organizational change occurs for reasons that originate external to the organization (Chandler, 1996: Hannan & Freeman, 1984), as well as internal to the organization (Baker 1990: Prechel 1994). Thus, External constraints, internal constraints, resource dependency and increasingly growing competitive markets force organizations to change in order to maximize economic potential. Although organizational changes are usually a response in reaction to an event, companies and leaders should still expect to encounter issues. Organizations need to be more proactive and contingent on how to handle the problems that will inevitably come about. This will make the process of organizational change go smoothly as well as reduce resistance through proper management techniques. Resource dependency argues that both environmental and organizational constraints impact organizational change (Pfeffer & Salancik, 2003).