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Women in The Workplace
Gender plays a huge role in workplace 'success' and can be a big challenge especially if the employee is a woman in a male dominated workplace or career. No matter how 'hard-nosed,' 'ruthless,' 'workaholic' a woman may be, or how much personal success she achieves, there will always tend to be some type of obstacle to keep her from getting completely to the top of the corporate ladder. She must also still fight stereotypes that undermines her confidence or limits her potential. Since the early 20th century, women and minorities have sought equal opportunities in education and in the labor force with little success. These obstacles or barriers are all known as the glass ceiling.
When speaking of the glass ceiling, a reference is being made to an invisible, artificial barrier that prevents qualified individuals from advancing within their organization and reaching full potential. The glass ceiling describes the point beyond when women managers and executives are not promoted. These barriers result from institutional and psychological practices.
The glass ceiling exists and is evident in three different levels. These levels are: Apprenticeship, The Pipeline and Alice in Wonderland. Although not every organization has all three levels, one level could sometimes be more predominant in one part of an organization and not in another.
Apprenticeship
Women in the United States have been admitted into apprenticeship programs in large numbers, for so many years, that it is seemingly easy for young women to believe and for management to assert that discrimination is obsolete, and that the glass ceiling is either a myth or a subject that will automatical...
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..., A. (1996, March). ?Glass Ceiling Red Flags.? http://www.bickerstaff.com
2. Constable, P. (1995, October). ?A Glass Ceiling of Misperceptions.? http://www.washingtonpost.com
3. Author Unknown (1997). ?The Three Levels of the Glass Ceiling: Sorcerer?s Apprentice to through the Looking Glass.? Dataline, Inc. http://cyberwerks.com
4. Author Unknown. (1997, January). ?Glass Ceiling rises, but remains intact.? Business First. http://cgi.amcity.com
5. Miller, L. (1997, June). ?Women are making it their business to get ahead.? Community Newspaper Company. www.towonline.com
6. Author Unknown. (1997, February). ?Breaking Through.? Business Week Archives. http://www.businessweek.com.
7. Author Unknown. Internet news article www.theglassceiling.com
8. Author unknown. Internet news article. www.womenswire.com
[Topic sentence for first body paragraph]. The first event that led to an increase vegetarianism in America was Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle in 1906. Upton Sinclair‘s The Jungle, was about Chicago's filthy, unsanitary meat-packing facilities. The novel resulted in a few percent of Americans no longer wanting to eat meat for fear of unsanitariness, and thus resulted in the first noticeably increase in vegetarians in America, even though the government passed the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. The second major event that led to a slight increase in vegetarians was in 1958. It was reported that animals were cut piece by piece while still conscious in slaughter houses. This caused an outcry from by a large number of animal lovers, and they campaigned to put an end
Kerin, Roger A., and Robert A. Peterson. Strategic marketing problems: cases and comments. 12th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2010. Print.
Hooley, G., Piercy, N. F., & Nicoulau, B. (2008). Marketing strategy and competitive positioning (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
In this paper I will look at the argument made by James Rachels in his paper, The Moral Argument for Vegetarianism supporting the view that humans should be vegetarians on moral grounds. I will first outline the basis of Rachels’ argument supporting vegetarianism and his moral objection to using animals as a food source and critique whether it is a good argument. Secondly, I will look at some critiques of this kind of moral argument presented by R. G. Frey in his article, Moral Vegetarianism and the Argument from Pain and Suffering. Finally, I will show why I support the argument made by Frey and why I feel it is the stronger of the two arguments and why I support it.
Unfortunately, even today, women are still trying to prove themselves equal to men in many ways. The “glass ceiling” is perhaps one of the most familiar and evocative metaphors to surface from the 20th century. This expression has been used widely in the popular media as well as in official government reports. The image suggest that although it may be the case now that women are able to get through the front door professional hierarchies, at some point they hit an invisible barrier that blocks any further upward movement. “Below this barrier, women are able to get promoted; beyond this barrier, they are not”. Such a situation can be considered a limiting case for a more general phenomenon: situations in which the disadvantages women face relative to men strengthen as they move up executive hierarches. “Traditional approaches to recruitment, organization and job design, performance management and promotions are often designed in ways that are more suited to men than to women. This is what creates the glass ceiling”. Beyond the limit of job titles, the glass ceiling also creates a pay difference between men and women performing the same work requirements.
Women face many obstacles as they climb their career’s hierarchy and for many different reasons their wage is comparably less than that of males. After the movements toward equality in the workplace, many think that sex discrimination isn’t present anymore. However, many still believe that the glass ceiling hasn’t shattered and still possesses a barrier for many women in the labor force. The glass ceiling and the wage gap exist for various reasons but, like many other women leaders, women can break the glass and abolish the gap.
Years ago it would have been unheard of for anyone to not eat meat on a daily basis, since during one period of time it was considered a staple for some. However, meat eaters started to pay attention to what they were consuming once Upton Sinclair’s famous novel The Jungle was published in the early 1930’s. It drew so much attention that the Pure Food and Drug Act passed to prevent the unsanitary and hazardous practices mentioned in The Jungle from happening. However, before Upton Sinclair’s novel was published few were already recognizing the ethical and nutritional (in this time period) hazards that happened because of the commercial meat industry. The International Vegetarian Union was established in 1908 and was one of the first notable movements and the organization that brought the most publicity towards vegetarianism in the western world. This organization stood against the ethical, environmental, and economic effects the commercial meat industry had on our nation. Even with the founding of this organization many do not understand vegetarianism or veganism in Europe or the United States and thus discuss it negatively, but this is an event that should cease to happen. The negative discussion of vegetarianism has negative effects that should be avoided and will be discussed.
The "glass ceiling" has held women back from certain positions and opportunities in the workplace. Women are stereotyped as part-time, lower-grade workers with limited opportunities for training and advancement because of this "glass ceiling". How have women managed their careers when confronted by this glass ceiling? It has been difficult; American women have struggled for their role in society since 1848. Women’s roles have changed significantly throughout the past centuries because of their willingness and persistence. Women have contributed to the change pace of their role in the workplace by showing motivation and perseverance.
But, many studies have shown that women earn only 77 cents for every dollar men earn, resulting in the glass ceiling concept (Barreto, Ryan. Schmitt 2009). As introduced in the 1980s, the glass ceiling concept is a metaphoric phrase defined as an invisible barrier that many women tend to hit, resulting in a obstacle to a higher advancement within any profession, which many women have to face today. The goal of the Equal Pay Act of 1963 was to eliminate discrimination against any specific gender, including the gender pay gap. This was supposed to set an equal amount of pay for both genders but has yet still failed to do so. Many women tend to hit the glass ceiling due to a difference in pay, less experience, and a lack of value than most men have towards women in the workplace. Once women get to a certain point in their profession, it been acknowledged that many tend to feel the weight of being able to succeed and handle a position of leadership. Men are notably considered as “more competent and better leaders than women.” This especially is seen when women work in more male-dominated jobs, as they hit the glass ceiling sooner which prevents them from climbing the ladder into higher ranked jobs (Williams 2013). According to a study, women are beginning to gain higher positions in their profession, but they still only account for 15 percent of the higher corporate ladder within America. In Latin America, there has been significant progress, as the gender pay gap has been close. This is a goal we must work towards in America, if we want to equality for all within the workplace. We must implement stricter laws, such as creating a policy that provides that both men and women are paid equally for same
Gregory, Raymond F. Women and Workplace Discrimination: Overcoming Barriers to Gender Equality. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.
“The assumption that animals are without rights, and the illusion that their treatment has no moral significance is a positively outrageous example of Western crudity and barbarity. Universal compassion is the only guarantee of morality."(Schopenhauer). I always wondered why some people are not so drawn to the consumption of meat and fed up with only one thought about it. Why so many people loathe of blood, and why so few people can easily kill and be slaughter animal, until they just get used to it? This reaction should say something about the most important moments in the code, which was programmed in the human psyche. Realization the necessity of refraining from meat is especially difficult because people consume it for a long time, and in addition, there is a certain attitude to the meat as to the product that is useful, nourishing and even prestigious. On the other hand, the constant consumption of meat has made the vast majority of people completely emotionless towards it. However, there must be some real and strong reasons for refusal of consumption of meat and as I noticed they were always completely different. So, even though vegetarianism has evolved drastically over time, some of its current forms have come back full circle to resemble that of its roots, when vegetarianism was an ethical-philosophical choice, not merely a matter of personal health.
Wirth, Linda. “Women in Management: Closer to Breaking Through the Glass Ceiling.” Women, Gender and Work. Ed. Martha Fetherolf Loutfi. Geneva:
Etzel, Michael J., Stanton, Bruce J., Stanton, William J. (2004). Marketing. (13th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Gender inequality is defined as “the disparity in status, power, and prestige between people who identify as women and men” (Trust Women PAC). The argument presented by people who believe that there is gender inequality in the workplace is that when young women enter the workforce, it is hard to find balance between family and their work. Even though women have surpassed men in terms of educational achievement, the gender wage gap has barely been reduced. Gender inequality is deeply rooted in gender stereotypes and stereotypes are already extremely hard to break, especially because everybody will engage in some type of stereotyping. According to the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report of 2010, the United States was ranked nineteenth in terms of gender equality, behind countries such as Sweden and Iceland. Although great strides have been made to close the gender gap, more needs to be done. How does gender discrimination in the work place affect women in regards to hiring/promotions, wage disparity, and occupation choice?
For several years the issue of eating meat has been a great concern to all types of people all over the world. In many different societies controversy has began to arise over the morality of eating meat from animals. A lot of the reasons for not eating meat have to deal with religious affiliations, personal health, animal rights, and concern about the environment. Vegetarians have a greater way of expressing meats negative effects on the human body whereas meat eaters have close to no evidence of meat eating being a positive effect on the human body. Being a vegetarian is more beneficial for human beings because of health reasons, environmental issues, and animal rights.