Municipal Budgeting and Revenue
Introduction
Every government entity has a primary goal, which is to be as efficient and effective as possible while expending the smallest amount of resources. In addition, the resources expended cannot be more than the resources received as revenues. The budgeting process is a tool that assists government entities in being both efficient and effective. Before a budget can be adequately prepared, you must first understand the budgeting concept and secondly be knowledgeable of budget types.
Local governments use budgets for a variety of reasons, including: accountability, planning, evaluation, and information. A municipal budget is a financial map to help guide public managers and administrators of a local government in a particular direction to function successfully in getting the work of its citizenry completed.
The primary purposes of the governmental budget are to legitimize public expenditures and to account for and control the usage of public resources. As budgets evolve, officials find that the annual budget should be used for planning, coordinating, and scheduling programs. Demands on municipalities force them to engage in establishing priorities and monitoring how well the priorities are achieved. It is no longer possible for a municipal government to do everything for everyone. A municipal government must prioritize the services that are mandatory, urgent, and that are done well. Resources must be aligned with strategies and citizen’s needs by allocating them over some time frame; usually twelve months – a fiscal year.
The budget communicates the objectives of the municipality to all of the stakeholders. Stakeholders in a municipality include the taxpayers that primarily fu...
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...delivery they will provide in the expenditure side of the budget.
Bibliography
Allan, Ian J., Revenue Collection Administration, A Guide for Smaller Governments. Chicago: Government Finance Officers Association, 1993.
League of California Cities, California Municipal Revenue Sources Handbook. Sacramento: League of CA Cities, 1995.
League of California Cities, Financing Cities. Sacramento: www.cacities.org, 2000.
Lehan, Edward A., Simplified Governmental Budgeting. Chicago: Municipal Finance Officers Association of the US and Canada, 1981.
MacManus, Susan A., Revenue Patterns in US Cities and Suburbs: A Comparative Analysis. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1978.
National League of Cities, City Fiscal Conditions in 1999. Washington D.C.: National League of Cities, 1999.
Swartz, Thomas R., Urban Finance Under Siege. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1993.
Mikesell, J. L. (2010). Fiscal administration: Analysis and applications for the public sector (8th ed.: 2010 custom edition). Mason, OH: Cengage Learning
Theodore Roosevelt, the second of four children, was born on October 27, 1858, in New York City. As a child, Roosevelt struggled against frailty, nearsightedness, and asthma. He had a love for books which helped foster a love for nature and the outdoors. He also exercised vigorously and developed a lifelong interest in what he called “the strenuous life.”
After tracing the evolution of the provincial-local financial relationship in Canada it has become apparent that the trend, throughout history, has been towards greater Provincial control and in turn less fiscal autonomy for the municipality. There has been an increase (due to demand as well as downloading from the provinces) in the functions and responsibilities of the municipality, as well as the cost of these functions, and a decrease in fiscal resources and revenue sources.
Theodore Roosevelt was born in Manhattan, New York City, New York on October 27, 1858, he died on January 6, 1919 in Cove Neck , New York. Theodore Roosevelt was a really great president. He won a Nobel Prize, he was also known for the square deal and last but not least the bull moose party.
United States. National Park Service. "History: Theodore Roosevelt: Life Before the Presidency." National Parks Service. U.S. Department of the Interior, n.d. Web. 26 Mar. 2014.
For government budgeting to be effective, the process that guides it must be an evolving one. As the government gets bigger, it will most likely destabilize the existing method. Therefore, it must change to keep pace with the demands and growth of the country. The process must be capable of handling the complexity of our nation and its multifaceted needs so it will always need revisions and restructuring to face these new challenges. Its ultimate goal must be to reinforce the government and strengthen the country.
Mackintosh, Barry. "National Park Service History: Theodore Roosevelt and the National Park System." National Parks Service. U.S. Department of the Interior, 16 Jan. 2003. Web. 26 May 2014.
Aurelius, Marcus. The meditations of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. New York: A.L. Burt, 189.
Interior Design is recognized as a stressful career due to the demanding clients and deadlines established. Commercial or contract designers tend to have higher stress levels than residential designers because commercial designers have strict deadlines to meet since their clients are companies or corporations. To manage stress levels, all designers must possess certain skills. They must be able to manage time, communicate fully and effectively with the clients, apply their creativity to projects, and make decisions. By learning and applying these skills to their work life, Interior Designers will be able to lower their stress levels and be more successful. Since Interior Design is such a client-collaborative career, a variety of skills including time management, communication, decision making, and creativity, are needed to be successful in the field.
Interior design is becoming increasingly popular all over the world. There is simply nothing more enjoyable than to relax in your own well-decorated and organized home.
Inside Design is an thrilling and quickly rising field and evidently curiosity on this explicit career is increasing in popularity. Inside designers are licensed design professionals qualified by education, work expertise and time. In the Sixties and 70s unbiased organizations have been established to evaluate qualifications for inside designers and their programs. There are literally many dedicated individuals in organizations reminiscent of CIDA and NCIDQ who presently work diligently to extend public consciousness of interior design whereas creating the profession to the place it's
...s estimated to be at $39,180 annually. The highest paid ten percent of interior designers, experts, in 2002 had wages of $69,640, while the lowest paid ten percent, beginners, were paid $21,240 (U.S. Department of Labor). Those who are genuinely committed to a fulltime career in designing know that urban areas and big cities pay better and provide more career options. In small town areas there is less demand for the input of an interior designer. Self-employed designers work for clients at a set, hourly fee, but majority of designers work in a firm for either a straight salary or an hourly fee to clients. In interior design, because there is so much flex given to each designer in a firm, there really are no requirements of benefits, insurance, or retirement plans. The established benefits are completely up to the individual employer. (Careers in Focus: Design)
Interior design is one of the most important professions. When thinking of design and architecture industry, it is necessary to keep in mind that the professionals emphasis on matters of everyday life when commencing a project. Important sectors of interior design consist of: residential, commercial, hospitality, healthcare, education and corporate designs. Thus, the field deals with numerous factors and affects almost everyone in some way. Design is goal-oriented– it strives to achieve a certain purpose. An essential goal of interior design is to create functional spaces that convey a specific mood for an audience using design elements, thus outlining a design for communities versus individuals.
The national budget is the main instrument through which governments collect resources from the economy, in a sufficient and appropriate manner; and allocate and use those resources responsively, efficiently and effectively (Todorovic & Djordjevic, 2009). The work of public budget has increased extremely more complicated, abstruse and worrying (Hou, 2006, p.730).
Aromas we smell are processed in the limbic system of the brain which is where emotions and memories are stored. So we are literally tapping into a very deep part of the brain when sniffing a fragrance. There is no filter on the sense of smell either, so we drop into those emotions or memories instantly. This can happen out of the blue, when we least expect it. A stranger on the street might wear the same cologne as a first lover, causing us to feel breathless and sentimental. Perhaps the scent of a musty cabinet might smell exactly like grandmother’s attic where we used to play as a child triggering joyful memories. Scent is powerful. In products it might achieve a myriad of results like give us confidence, keep us calm, or make us feel sexy. A well-fragranced product should be a gift and tool for the