Cholera
Cholera is an infectious disease cause by bacteria that affects the
absorption of water in the small intestine. Sever cases cause violent
diarrhoea. It is the huge amount of fluid loss, which makes cholera so
dangerous. If the fluid is not replaced the body becomes dehydrated
and you could die within twenty-four hours. Treatment of cholera is
simple; replace the fluid lost with the right mixture of sugar and
salts. Water alone is not very well absorbed. If it is a server case
of the disease then admission to hospital may be suggest; they can
then replace the fluids straight into the bloodstream via a drip.
Cholera is caused by a bacterium called Vibrio Cholerea. The bacterium
begins to produce toxins when enough of the bacteria have accumulated
in the stomach. It is the toxin produced that causes the disease. The
toxin affects the cells of the gastrointestinal tract. This means the
affected person does not have ordinary diarrhoea but also losses a
large quantity of fluid along with it.
Cholera is transmitted through bacteria that are excreted in faeces.
If the bacterium comes in contact with drinking water, then it can
infect people. If you do not wash your hands after you have been to
the toilet then you can also pass the bacteria onto food; this also
can cause people to become infected.
Fish and shellfish that have been living in infected water can spread
cholera. Shellfish filter large amounts of water and concentrate the
bacteria. The cholera out break in Peru in 1998 was thought to be
related to contaminated algae; this is a very effective way for
Cholera to spread to coastlines.
Direct infection is a rar...
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...e of anti-biotic some people or infections become
immune to them. This makes the infection more difficult to treat and
also decreases the patient's chances of survival in some cases.
The cholera pathogen can be killed by using and anti-biotic, such as
doxycycline, but sometimes this is not necessary if you are able to
replace the fluids lost with salt water. Tuberculosis is treated with
a combination of anti-biotics. A combination is needed to prevent the
pathogen becoming resistant to it, which would cause serious
consequences to the patient. AIDS / HIV are also treated with a
combination of drugs. However anti-biotics do not kill of the
infection, mealy slow down its effects. If the anti-biotics are not
taken at the correct time of day then resistance to them may be
caused. Malaria is not treated with anti-biotics.
A.1 Concerning John Barnes, how was cholera communicated? What were the modes of disease transmission? What is the correct epidemiological term for the modes of transmission that were identified?
Hepatitis is the inflammation or swelling of the liver. The inflammation can happen from different injuries or viral forms of a disease. People who experience hepatitis have the symptoms of malaise, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, fever and jaundice. There are six known forms of Hepatitis which are Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, Hepatitis E and Hepatitis G. The presence of hepatitis in the body can be very risky and cause severe death if not taken care of. Hepatitis is a severe issue that affect many people around the world like third world countries and cross contamination can occur mainly in health care places due to the exposure of patients with the disease and accidents handling blood or instruments, Hepatitis A,B,C,D,E and G are distinct diseases that differ in transmission and vaccines to prevent them or cure them.
TB is a disease that can cause a serious illness and can damage a person's
Although the Columbian Exchange allowed for the beneficial exchange of cultures, ideas, foods, and animals around the world during the 1450-1750 time period, it also had a dark side. One detrimental result of the Columbian Exchange would be the spreading of smallpox from Europe to the New World.
Unlike the first cholera pandemic in 1817, the second one also affected countries in Europe and North America in addition to Asia. Of the seven total cholera pandemics, many consider this one the greatest of the 19th century. Cholera caused more deaths, more quickly than any other epidemic disease of the 1800s. It is an infectious disease that causes severe diarrhea that can lead to dehydration and death if untreated. Eating food or drinking water contaminated with a bacterium called Vibrio cholerae causes cholera. After the first pandemic had diminished throughout Asia by1824, the disease began spreading again from Bengal in 1826. It began with outbreaks in the Ganges River of Bengal and quickly spread throughout most of India. It had moved into Afghanistan and Persia by 1829 and surfaced in Russia in August of that year. From Russia, the disease travelled to Poland and eventually Hungary, Germany, Berlin, England, Scotland, and Wales. While the disease was penetrating most of Europe, it had also reached areas in Mesopotamia and the Arabian Peninsula by 1831. Thousands of Muslim pilgrims from Mecca died from the disease and carried it into Palestine, Syria, and Egypt that year. Mecca continued to be infected by cholera until about 1912. The disease also reached Portugal in 1833, from an English ship that docked in Portugal. Cholera’s path east of India remains
Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by infection of the intestine with the bacterium Vibrio cholera (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/). Number of researches has been conducted and it has concluded that thousands of people are infected around the world. For more than two centuries, cholera has evaded some of the top scientist and still remains a threat to the world populations. A major cholera epidemic began in India in 1817, from India the disease spread to Russia, appearing at rapid speed and crossing all across the continent. Cholera is believed to originate in 1817 at the Ganges River in India and then later spread to other areas and regions due to poor removal of water mainly from British ships.
I have been set with the task to be able to say what I think is the most important turning point in history in one thousand and five hundred words. I will be discussing the Black Death which is most important in my opinion. Although the British reformations and Industrial Revolutions are also an important turning point, I have ruled it out because I do not think that it is important as these.
Smallpox is a very dangerous and in almost every case, fatal disease. There are two types of smallpox: variola major and variola minor. Variola Major consists of four categories ordinary (this is the most common), flat, and hemorrhagic. Variola Major only has an overall fatality rate of 30%. Flat and Hemorrhagic are the two most deadly type of Variola major. Smallpox looks like a very red, puffy, and raised rash. Smallpox is an very dangerous and contagious disease that has been present throughout history until recent times (the last epidemic case of smallpox was October 26, 1977 in Somalia).
Nair G. n.d. Vibrio cholerae. World health organization. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/admicrob6.pdf
No matter what, where, or who you are, water is a necessary component to keeping any organism alive. Although water is essential for life, in many places, clean drinking water is hard to find. There are many consequences to drinking contaminated water. Every year, three to five million people are attacked by water-borne diseases and over 100,000 of them die. One fatal disease that can kill within hours is cholera.
Johnson (2006) presents the terrifying reality of the cholera outbreak during the summer of 1854 in London. London was the largest city in the world at the time and because of overpopulation the city had major sewage problems. The drinking water was being mixed with the sewage waste and the people had no idea that the water they were drinking was contaminated. The outbreak, began when baby Lewis’s waste was tossed into a cesspool that eventually mixed with the Broad Street pump. During this horrible time two men stood out as they tried to find the genuine reason for the outbreak. The two men that contributed to the discovery of the cause of cholera were John Snow and Henry Whitehead. John Snow was a well-known physician in London, and he was
Many people in advanced industrialized nations are often unaware of infectious diseases that plague underdeveloped countries. This is primarily due to factors that are so often taken for granted like having proper sanitation, adequately treated water, properly prepared food, easy access to medical care, and economic viability. The sad truth is that many of these infectious diseases could easily be prevented if the countries where they run most rampant had only a few of the factors mentioned above. The concentration of this paper will be to focus on one such disease named Cholera and its impact on the country of Zambia, Africa.
Produced by the bacteria, vibrio cholerae that creates a toxin that affects the absorption of water in the small intestine, Cholera is an infectious disease. The majority of the bacteria is wiped out by gastric acid when ingested, while the surviving bacteria settle in the small intestine and begin making the toxin that produces the symptoms of Cholera. The toxin created by the bacteria, Vibrio Cholerae, is a exotoxin. Vibrio Cholerae is a member of the Vibrionaceae family of curved gram-negative rods. They are found in coastal waters and estuaries, and tend to grow best in the company of salt. However, they can develope in lower salinity when it is warmer and contains sufficient organic materials. (Harris, LaRocque, Qadri, Ryan, Calderwood/ 2012)
The disease, cholera, is an infection of the intestines, caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. As stated in Microbes and Infections of the Gut, the bacterium is “a Gram-negative, comma- shaped, highly motile organism with a single terminal flagellum” (105). Cholera is characterized by the most significant symptom that presents with the disease, diarrhea, and victims can lose up to twenty liters of body fluids in a day. Cholera can be a serious disease, due to the serious dehydration that can occur, but it is only fatal if treatment is not administered as soon as possible. This research paper includes information on the causes of cholera, symptoms, ways of treatment, studies of treatments, complications that may occur, the tests and diagnosis for cholera, and finally, the ways the cholera bacterium may be transmitted.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an ancient disease, with evidence found in human remains dating back over 9000 years, to the Neolithic era. 1 It was identified and described by Hippocrates as early as 460BC, and continued to be documented in such places as ancient Rome, Egypt, India and China. 2 3 4 5