The Chechen-Russian Wars were, and continue to be, a period of intense fighting within the state of Russia. Though the struggle is between Russia and Chechnya, only Russia is internationally recognized as a state. The wars themselves are historically divided into two periods, 1994-1996 and 1999 to present day. Yet, this has only been one war, one that lasted over a decade, where the only thing that changed is the ideologies of fighting.
To understand why the fighting continues to present day, we must first look at the historical events, which led to the first conflict. With, the incorporation of Chechnya into Russia by Alexander the II, the Nazi invasions of World War II, Chechen deportation by Stalin, the presidency of Dzhokar Dudayev with in Chechnya, and the Russian Federation Treaty by Yeltsin will all show evidence of the multi-century build up of hate.
In the late 1800's Alexander the II took power of Russia. With many peace treaties already in place, including Austrians and Prussians, Alexander felt Russia was stable enough to consentrate on other issues. With that he developed the Emancipation reform of 1861. This act enabled pesents to buy land from there loards, as well as individuals to set up limited liability companies. With freedom to set up limited liability companies business began to grow and the development of the railways emerged.
Alexander was intreged with the devlopment of railways and headed the project himself. His interest lay within the notion, that a expansive railway sytem would lead to increased military proformence, as well as a more productive way to harvest the natural resources Russia has to offer. Inevidably this lead to the Chechnya, previously fought by Peter the Great and Cathirena ...
... middle of paper ...
...choose to kill, when advocating there point. Its almost dificault not to draw parrellels with the American war in Iraq. As mention at the beginning there is no diffrence between the first war and the second. The only change is that of ideologies. First they had a government that supported the seperist Chechen and they fought together now they don't so they hide and fight in secret. The war has streched for over a decade. The seperists of Chechnya or the extrimist of al-queda, haved changed there fighing stile in order to send a message and we countinue to privale.
You and I form the tempest. You are the furious wind; I am the calm sea. You arrive and you blow irritatingly, and I burst into, a fury of foam. Now we have a great storm. But between you and me there is a difference. I, like the sea, never leave my place, while you, like the wind never remain in yours.
Russia being such a vast country, extending from the borders of Poland to the Pacific Ocean, made the idea of reform seem almost impossible. The changes she made in the areas of education, social services, law and economic policy are detailed throughout. In 1767, Catherine expounded on her vision for Russia’s reform in a long and detailed Instruction. The Instruction expresses her philosophy and beliefs, her hopes and plans. Some historians thought she contradicted herself throughout her Instruction. Catherine believed Russia was, in fact, a part of Europe. The French philosopher Montesquieu, whom Catherine greatly admired, referred to England as a moderate monarchy, which had political liberty as its main principle. He saw Russia as more of an oriental state with despotic, absolute rule. Catherine did not agree with his classification of Russia and she insisted that Russia was an absolute monarchy, not an Asiatic despotism, and could be ruled by administering fundamental laws. The author points out that Catherine’s condemnation of torture, “ The usage of torture is contrary to all dictates of nature and reason: even mankind itself cries out against it, and demands loudly the total abolition of it” shows her true belief in the principles of enlightenment. Catherine’s Statute of 1775 planned to reform many social services, such as the medical and the penal
After the crippling defeat in the Crimean War, Alexander II knew that Russia could not be allowed to lag behind the Western world any longer if it was to maintain its independence. The reform of the state had been advisable for a long time, but for Alexander III it was necessary. He knew that before any real changes could be achieved, the main problem had to be solved: the problem of serfdom. However many limits and imperfections his edict of Emancipation carried with it, most importantly it allowed for further modernizing reforms in the legal, government, education and military spheres.
The reign of Nicholas II catalysed the downfall of Tsardom. His lack of concern for civil liberties and political sternness directly lead to the revolutions. However, it was not just the weak leading of Tsar Nicholas II but rather the whole system of autocracy that was to blame for Russia’s misfortune, with its ideology fundamentally primitive and oppressive towards the greater population. The Russian society was formed around a hierarchy that was inefficient and degenerate to those below. This would lead to economic and social problems for the people of Russia, as well as a lack of progression and eventually, downfall.
The 1992-93 Georgia-Abkhazia war can best be understood as stemming from parallel movements for national liberation that contradicted one another. The Georgians asserted their independence from Russian control. Simultaneously, the Abkhazians sought closer ties with the Russians in order to assert their independence from Georgian control. Although both sides had attempted these actions in the past, the tumultuous
...The Bolsheviks also seized control of the countryside by establishing the Cheka to quash dissent. “To end the war, the Bolshevik leadership signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany in March 1918” (Chaney, 2012). Civil war then erupted. The war was between the Bolshevik and the anti-Bolshevik factions. The war continued for several years, with the Bolsheviks ultimately victorious. In the end, the Revolution paved the way for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (Chaney, 2012).
...est: An Interpretation." In The Tempest: A Casebook. Ed. D.J. Palmer. London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1968. 225.
The Russian Government did not approve this and President Yeltsin declared war against the newborn regime in 1994. Yeltsin feared that if they had not declared war the other Caucasus states may have followed suit, to prevent this they preferred to curb it at the out set. The second Chechen war, which began in September 1999, was a result of the actions taken by Russia in the first war and was a product of the same policies. The fight for independence for Chechnya has been ongoing since the Bolshevik Revolution and is one that will be fought well into the future if something is not done about it now.
After the assassination of Alexander the Great in 1881 by Russian socialist revolutionaries, Alexander III ascended to the throne and began to develop a reactionary policy that would be used to suppress the power of anti-tsarist rivals (Kort 23). In the late 1800s, Tsar Alexander III was faced with growing insurrection from the populist peasants, who were demanding more freedoms and land under the Tsarist regime. However, he was unwilling to give up his traditional centralized authority for a more democratic system of ruling. Instead, he sought political guidance from his advisor, Konstantin Pobedonostsev, an Orthodox religious conservative and loyal member of the Russian autocracy. Pobedonostsev was quick to hound revolutionaries by means
The need to modernise in Russia was a problem that the tsar had to face between the years, at the time in question, Russia was very backwards in the way that it farmed its lands, its economy was behind that of the rest of Europe, this meant that action had to be taken, in this area the tsar did have some successes.
Davidson, Frank. "The Tempest: An Interpretation." In The Tempest: A Casebook. Ed. D.J. Palmer. London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1968. 225.
Allan Gilbert’s article summarizes about the multiple parallels that can be found in Shakespeare’s The Tempest. While some of these parallels are more obvious in The Tempest, some require a scholar to fully comprehend them.
In The Tempest, Shakespeare adheres closely to the classical unities of time, place and action. The unity of place required that the scene should remain unchanged throughout the play. The entire action, with the exception of the first scene, is confined to the island. The storm of the first scene symbolizes a transition in the lives of the characters, and establishes their relationships with each other and with a world in a state of disorder. The initial reactions of the characters when arriving on the island are important metaphors for the ideologies they h...
Davidson, Frank. “The Tempest: An Interpretation.” In The Tempest: A Casebook. Ed. D.J. Palmer. London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1968. 225.
The conflict between the Ukraine and Russia is the Ukraine's most long-standing and deadly crisis; since its post-Soviet independence began as a protest against the government dropping plans to forge closer trade ties with the European Union. The conflict between Russia and the Ukraine stems from more than twenty years of weak governance, the government’s inability to promote a coherent executive branch policy, an economy dominated by oligarchs and rife with corruption, heavy reliance on Russia, and distinct differences between Ukraine's population from both Eastern and Western regions in terms of linguistics, religion and ethnicity (Lucas 2009).
Davidson, Frank. “The Tempest: An Interpretation.” In The Tempest: A Casebook. Ed. D.J. Palmer. London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1968. 225.