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african-american religion: interpretive essays in history and culture the rise of african churches in america
christianity in african american culture
christianity in african american culture
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Recommended: african-american religion: interpretive essays in history and culture the rise of african churches in america
J.B. Religion At the end of Baldwin's 1952 novel Go Tell It on the Mountain, John Grimes, the young protagonist, has an epiphany or what is more commonly referred to as a visionary conversion experience, a staple of American religious life. He embraces Jesus and endures a state of ecstatic mysticism in which he experiences "his drifting soul ... anchored in the love of God" (204). John's rebirth in Christ, his being "saved," is an affirmation of one of the strongest bulwarks in the African American community during slavery, and especially since its abolition: the black church. (2) Baldwin has said that "everything in Black history comes out of the church." It is "not a redemptive force but a `bridge across troubled water,'" Kalamu ya Salaam interviewing Baldwin responded. "It is how we forged our identity" (Pratt and Stanley 182). The church is the African American's inheritance. Black writers and the characters they create are not so easily divested of it, nor should they be. Though John Grimes's commitment to Christ is representative of black assimilation into American (white) culture, this adoption of Christian beliefs not only helped the community forge a stronger connection to their country and society, but it also enabled slaves and then emancipated Africans to shore up their sense of self-worth and value. African American literature, according to Abena P. A. Busia, "has therefore become a drive for self-definition and redefinition, and any discussion of this drive must recognize this, its proper context: We are speaking from a state of siege" (2). John Grimes's journey over the course of Go Tell It on the Mountain mirrors this movement from imprisonment to freedom, from a vague sense of self to a greater consciousn... ... middle of paper ... ... dilemma of his protagonist, but also exposing the moral foundations of the institutional pillars in the black community" (Bell 224). While criticism of the church's role in supporting subtle racism is justified, it is also true that John cleverly utilizes the rich resources of the church that were available to him. Would he be better off following Roy into the streets? Or Royal, Gabriel's first son, who also found his way into the streets and the reendured a violent death? John "wanted to be with these boys in the street, heedless and thoughtless, wearing out his treacherous and bewildering body" (30). He recognizes, however, even in the semi-transparent consciousness of a man-child, that he is being forced to make "so cruel a choice" (40) between the ways of the world, which in his community can too often lead to violence and self-destruction, and the ways of God.
“He had been ill a long time-in the mind” (65) was the way Baldwin remembered his father. It is because of his father’s illness, that his paranoia is aimed at the world. The contradiction here is that his father is a preacher. Trust and all other forms of hope in human kind have been vanquished from him. He despises the world he lives in, the one that held his ancestors in fields working for rich white gentry. He looks to God for answers and preaches an angry version of lord’s sermons. Baldwin was pulled in the same direction as his father except he couldn’t truly hold the meanings of the words after long and lost aspirations of preaching. “It was said in the church, quite truthfully, that I was ‘cooling off’” (80) in his interest to the service of preaching and gained it in a service of writing.
The story appears to be revolving around deviance. Deviance is defined as the violation of norms, whether the infraction is as grave as murder or as trivial as driving over the speed limit. However, what makes something deviant is not the act itself, but the reaction to the act. In this story, both Robby and John are deviants. John violated his society norms by doing something that is not expected of him. He became a scholar, married a white woman. This is not a bad thing in itself but the way John accomplished it is not good either. John pushed away his family and deliberately distanced himself from his Homewood community. This suggests that deviance is neutral in itself; it can be negative or positive. It is also relative, as it can be positive from one side and negative from the other. People often th...
Baldwin?s idea of change stemmed from his intense religious beliefs. This particular change was a personal change for Baldwin himself. Baldwin was confused and mesmerized by the teachings of religion. He so enjoyed and believed in the ?blind-faith? that he took up preaching. He wrote intense sermons and became enthralled in his church and beliefs. While preaching he began to question and examine the life in which he lived. He questioned himself and the ideas and beliefs he conveyed to his congregation and the validity of the other preachers. He came to realize that even the church was corrupt. He became vary Socratic in his thinking; Baldwin began to realize that the truths that he thought to be true were not exactly what he thought they were. He realized that the Bible is cluttered with discrepancies. Baldwin came to realize that the ?good book? was discriminatory against whites, yet told its followers to love everyone; conversely when read in a white context was discriminatory against blacks, who were thought to be the sons of Ham. He discovered this contradicti...
Personal stories and descriptions of major events are narrated throughout James Baldwin’s works as he analyzes the nature of the relationship between white and black America. The marriage of narration and analysis are especially evident in Baldwin’s essay, “Notes of a Native Son.” As Baldwin describes his father and their relationship until his father’s death, he simultaneously comments about the relationship between white and black America. Baldwin compares the events of his experience with concurrent American events to conclude about the nature of his personal relationships and the relationship between races; namely, that one must come to accept the reality of mankind, yet must strive to fight the injustice inherent in mankind’s nature.
Born in Harlem in 1924, James Baldwin grew to be a complex man with many aspects. As an avid reader as a child, Baldwin soon developed the skills to become one of the most talented and strong writers of his time. His first novel was written in 1953 and was called “Go Tell it On the Mountain” and received critical acclaim. More great work from this novelist, essayist, and playwright were to come, one of which was “Notes of a Native Son,” which was first published in Harper’s Magazine in 1955 and was also first known as “Me and My House.” In “Notes of a Native Son,” Baldwin exercises his many talents as an essayist in how he manages to weave narratives and arguments throughout the essay. He is also able to use many of his experiences to prove his points. Baldwin effectively interlaces his narratives, arguments, and experiences so as to reach his central idea and to advocate the overall moral that he has learned to his audience. This is what makes Baldwin so unique in his work: his ability to successfully moralize all people he comes in contact with.
At an early age he found God, and strongly believed in the values of the Christian Church. One might even go as far as to say that it was where he felt most secured or it was his “safe haven”. Through the years as a believer he found himself becoming more and more involved throughout the church and became into ministry, and even becoming a preacher himself. After several years of preaching he began to start seeing things from two points of views, he started to realize that maybe the Christian life and the Christian church isn’t all it’s set out to be. He began to start thinking that the people he worked with were corrupt and that led him to leave his job of becoming a preacher and start going against almost everything the Christian faith was against. The black church plays an enormous role throughout the accounts of civil rights movements, especially Martin Luther King, and the memory behind him. Although it is also important to realize how religion has played a part in containing and motivating black people in the freedom struggle. Activists of civil rights have always longed-for religion when struggling against black people’s bodies, and how they’re threating and/or dangerous. Whites “could deal with the Negro as a symbol or a victim but had no sense of him as a man” (Fire Next Time 58). In the face of black suffering Baldwin explains that Christianity that is against blacks isn’t a faith but rather a rhetorical institutional space for black
Baldwin realized that the church connected all black people to all white people, because the same corruption was occurring in both houses of "God." That both churches operated in the same corrupt manner. He realized that the church was supposed to promote love and kindness, it did, but only to the members of the congregation and other like them. This was too much for Baldwin, so he left for good.
All these “wrongs” to John, were making him upset. John tried to give the hospital workers freedom. He threw away their soma, and made them more upset. The workers rioted against John, and he realized he could not change society. John argued with the Mustapha Mond about the way society was, but it seemed Mond had a response to everything. John decided to indulge himself in the Brave New World’s lifestyle. John tried sex, and soma, and enjoyed it. John knew he had sinned to his own religion, and he felt so wrong, that he murdered himself.
James Baldwin said, “If the concept of God has any validity or any use, it can only be to make us larger, freer, and more loving. If God cannot do this, then it is time we got rid of Him.” In the multifarious works of Baldwin, there are numerous examples of his sharp rejection of Catholicism, Yahweh, and the ambiguous ideologies of the church. However, Baldwin eloquently compares and cites many of his keynotes and allusions to biblical passages and symbols of the Old Testament. “Synthesizing empirical data and theoretical insights, he offers a compelling vision of the complex unfolding of nineteenth-century African American religiosity” (White 1-8). His 1953 novel Go Tell It on the Mountain directly condemns the ultraconservative faction of religion by presenting the theme of the “Threshing Floor”. Yet, he also erects the religion with his use of the Old and New Testament writings. Baldwin so eloquently uses these biblical allusions to support his innumerable themes in the novel.
In James Baldwin’s 1952 novel “Go Tell It On The Mountain” the characters in the novel each embark on a spiritual journey. Baldwin has dedicated a chapter to each member of the Grimes family, detailing their trails and tribulations, hopes and aspirations, as each one’s quest to get closer to God becomes a battle. I have chosen the character John because I admire the fierce struggle he endured to find his spirituality. I will examine how he’s embarked on his quest and prove that he has done it with integrity and dignity.
James Baldwin was born in Harlem in a time where his African American decent was enough to put more challenges in front of him than the average (white) American boy faced. His father was a part of the first generation of free black men. He was a bitter, overbearing, paranoid preacher who refused change and hated the white man. Despite of his father, his color, and his lack of education, James Baldwin grew up to be a respected author of essays, plays, and novels. While claiming that he was one of the best writers of the era could be argued either way, it is hard to argue the fact that he was indeed one of the most well-known authors of the time. One of his intriguing skills as a writer is his ability to intertwine narration and analysis in his essays. James Baldwin mixes narration and analysis in his essays so well that coherence is never broken, and the subconscious is so tempted to agree with and relate to what he says, that if you don’t pay close attention, one will find himself agreeing with Baldwin, when he wasn’t even aware Baldwin was making a point. Physical placement of analytical arguments and analytical transitions, frequency and size of analytical arguments, and the language used within the analytical arguments are the keys to Baldwin’s graceful persuasion. Throughout this essay, I will be using Baldwin’s “Notes of a Native Son” for examples. “Notes of a Native Son” is an essay that Baldwin wrote which focuses primarily on his life around the time his father died, which also happens to be the same time his youngest brother was born.
The Christian belief transpires as a prominent role in the short story “Salvation” By Langston Hughes and the novel Black Boy By Richard Wright. Both pieces of literature endeavor to convey the dichotomy present in the Christian church; furthermore, turning all its attention to the young African American male experience in the Church versus the rest of the African American population. In both the novel and short story the narrators’ struggles to conform to society deliver the reader to understand the pains of growing up. Just when the reader deems both the narrators as finally understanding the role of religion as being a virtue, it then becomes superficial. To young African American males, church was just hypocrisy. From the essence of both stories it is evident that both Richard and Langston have been secluded in a place that conforming to society is the only way out; moreover in their efforts to become what society wants them to be their adolescence plays a major role in their discovery, pain, and definitive loneliness; ultimately leaving them as not only the betrayer but the betrayed in society and the Christian religion.
I would love to believe that the principles were Faith, Hope, and Charity, but this is clearly not so for most Christians, or for what we call the Christian World” (31). In this passage he is telling the reader that people do not understand what being a true Christian is; that a majority of people are going through the motions because they believe they are expected to. Baldwin desires to affect changes in the world of religion; especially for the blacks. He underscores in his essay that there is no love in the church, and that the love stopped once people left the church. Baldwin concludes the book with “God gave Noah the rainbow sign, No more water, the fire next time!” (106). What he means by this is that we all need to work together to make this world better. Baldwin provides a fine undertaking of representing the struggles of being a black man and how he is attempts to have a positive impact on the world, and not just on religion.
When identifying the common theme of Baldwin’s short stories “Sonny’s Blues” and “Going to Meet the Man”, it is clever to first distinguish the writing style of this creative author. Baldwin was a famous writer of his period because of the way he interpreted reality into a story. Around this point in America, racial tension and self-identity between cultures were at a peak and sparked many different ideas towards Baldwin’s writings. Baldwin intentionally expresses himself through his writings to create a realistic voice to his audience, making the story easy to capture a visual of. In one story in particular, “Go Tell It on the Mountain” Baldwin creates a novel
James Baldwin is a highly renowned African-American essay writer who is best known for his ability to interweave narrative and argument into concise well-written essays. He had his first book published at the early age of 19 and has published some astounding literature during the time of civil rights activism. He succeeded himself to rise out of his poverty to become an amazing writer through self-determination and courage. In his essay entitled, “Notes of a Native Son”, Baldwin does an excellent job making use of binaries and repetition of words and phrases as well as switching back and forth from narrative to analysis. He also cleverly connects his progressively raising maturity and understanding of the world to the unique style in which Baldwin writes throughout his work. We will now dissect this essay and see how Baldwin uses special writing techniques to make for a very powerful and meaningful composition.