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problem of the spread of infectious diseases
management of the ebola virus
history of Ebola and effect
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Often people are reluctant to become involved in a situation unless it directly affects them. This paper will prove that the Ebola virus is a serious problem facing the world’s population. In the United States today, we are not at risk for being infected; however, it is better to be prepared for the worst than to be caught off guard. AIDS was the first of these African viruses to escape the wilds of the Third World and harm others in the world. AIDS was ignored for too long before it began its' global rampage. Ebola, which was first encountered by humans in 1976, has slowly been weaving its way into the human race. In 2014, Ebola began to strike humans outside of Africa. This is a scary time for Americans as well as all inhabitants of our global community. When Kimfumu, a 36 year old lab technician, became sick in Kikwit around the beginning of April, 1995, the hospital personnel treating him were puzzled (Brownlee 59). After operations on both April 9th and 10th, the doctors continued to mull over what was causing Kimfumu’s uncontrollable hemorrhages. Four days later Kimfumu died (59). Both nurses and nuns who cared for Kimfumu fell ill shortly following his death, and soon all died (Cowley 49). Suddenly messages went out to all the major health organizations around the world, primarily the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta and the World Health Organization (WHO) (Cowley 48). The doctors in the city of Kikwit, the viruses epicenter, knew something was terribly wrong as more and more people began exhibiting the same symptoms. The CDC identified the virus causing this devastating illness to be Ebola. However, this was an entirely new strain, not Ebola-Zaire or Ebola-Suda... ... middle of paper ... ...ow before we are on the brink of destruction. Bibliography: Brownlee, Shannon, and others. “Horror in the Hot Zone.” U.S. News and World Report 22 May. 1995: 52-63. Brownleek, Shannon. “The Most Persistent Virus.” U.S. News and World Report 29 May. 1995: 43-49. Caldwell, Mark. “Ebola Tamed-for Now.” Discover January 1996: 16-21. Contreras, Joseph. “On Scene in the Hot Zone.” Newsweek 29 May. 1996: 49-51. Cowley, Geoffrey. “Outbreak of Fear.” Newsweek 22 May. 1996: 48-53. Guntheroth, Horst. “Ebola: Death in the Jungle.” World Press Review August. 1995: 36-38. Hamilton, Joan. “The Point Man in Germ Warfare.” Business Week 21 August. 1995: 72-74. Morell, Virginia. “Chimpanzee Outbreak Heats up Search for Ebola Origin.” Science 19 May. 1995: 974-976. Purvis, Andrew. “Where does Ebola Hide?” Time 4 March. 1996: 59-60.
When a shipment of Crab-Eating Monkeys came in, two monkeys were already dead. This was not unusual because some monkeys die during shipments. But, as more and more monkeys died over a few weeks, Bill Volt, the manager of the monkey house, became concerned. He would watch the monkeys, and if the monkeys had red eyes, they would die over the next few days. He called in Dan Dalgard, a doctor, to find out what was happening. Dan kept a journal as more and more monkeys died. After cutting one open, he thought the monkeys may have had Simian Hemorrhagic Fever, or SHF. After sending in a sample, Tom Geisbert, an Intern at USAMRIID, thought it looked like Marburg. After telling his boss, Peter Jahrling, of his findings, together they conducted a few more tests. After finding out that it was Ebola or something closely related, C.J. Peters gathered a team of experts to explore further. After shutting down the factory and killing the monkeys, they examined the corpse. They concluded that this was a new type of Ebola. They named it Ebola Reston. Ebola Reston traveled through air and only infected
Hot Zone explicitly demonstrates the quick spread of the Ebola virus and human’s efforts to fight back the filoviruses (Ebola Zaire, Ebola Reston, Marburg, and Ebola Sudan).
In the Hot Zone: The Terrifying True Story of the Origins of the Ebola Virus by Richard Preston, published in 1995, is a novel about the origins and the development of viral hemorrhagic fevers, especially ebola and marburg. These diseases are all Biosafety Level 4 agents, which means that they are extremely dangerous because they are highly infectious, have a high case-fatality rate, and there are no known treatments or cures. Marburg Virus and Ebola virus are filoviruses belong to a virus family called Filoviridae and they can cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. Five species of Ebola Virus have been identified: Taï Forest, Sudan, Zaire, Reston and Bundibugyo. The book describes the history of these diseases by explaining
Ebola virus disease is the kind of thing that horror writers dream about, it brings the most frightening of infectious disease symptoms to mind. Just imagine victims bleeding from their eyes, ears and nose. The nonfiction book The Hot Zone by Richard Preston and the 1995 movie Outbreak, are excellent examples of our perception of the disease. Ebola is highly infectious, rapidly fatal, deadly disease with a death rate of up to 90%, after the onset of symptoms. It is transmitted through direct contact with an infected person or primates bodily fluids like blood, saliva, urine, sperm, etc. or by contact with contaminated surfaces or equipment, including linen soiled by the infected person's body fluids. The disease is caused by members of a family
Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a viral disease that was first recorded in 1976, when an outbreak occurred in Yambuku, Zaire, a country that was latter renamed the Democratic Republic of Congo (Walsh, Biek & Real, 2005). During the outbreak 318 cases were recorded of which 280 (88%) died. Later the same year, an outbreak occurred in Sudan where 284 cases were recorded with fatality rate of 53%. The disease and the virus that cause it are named after River Ebola that passes though Yambuku. In the USA, Ebola killed several monkeys in Reston, Virginia in 1989 (Barton, 2006; CDC, 2000). Despite several other outbreaks, the disease has neither medically approved pre-exposure nor post-exposure interventions. However, ongoing research shows optimistic signs.
Even more significant is it´s chain of infection through the nuns. Preston delves further when he illuminates the segment in which Nurse Mayinga, who had been infected through contact with Sister M.E of the Yambuku hospital, roams the city of Kinshasa and has contact with over three dozen people.. He writes, ¨At any rate, Nurse Mayinga developed a headache and fatigue. She knew she was becoming sick, but she did not want to admit to herself what it was¨(100). When authorities like the World Health Organization and international governments became aware of this, panic ensued. President Mobutu of Zaire dispatched his army to enforce a quarantine around Ngaliema Hospital, which housed Nurse Mayinga, and the Bumba Zone. Soon afterwards, those who had had contact with Mayinga were contained and the calamity passed; Nurse Mayinga infected nobody. Despite this, her traipse through the city ensured that everyone knew just how easily a worldwide plague could be brought about. Prestons immersive descriptions of the aforementioned elucidates that errors in the medical field could clearly be fostered by people whose actions weren’t entirely rational.
...d the disease from an infected chimpanzee in the forest. She was sent to a Swiss hospital where she recovered. An autopsy of the Chimpanzee showed effects similar to the Ebola virus.
Ebola is a virus and part of the negative-stranded RNA family known as filovirus. It was discovered in 1976 in Africa and was named after a river in Zaire. When the virus is looked at under an electron microscope the filoviridae appear as being long, thin and occasionally they have 'branches' sprouting from one place or another. Ebola can also take the form of a 'U' or a 'b'. There are four known strains of the virus; they are Ebola Sudan, Ebola Zaire, Ebola Reston and Ebola Tai. Ebola Reston only causes disease in monkeys but as the rest of them take approximately 8 hours to duplicate itself.
“The Hot Zone,” by Richard Preston, is a thriller true story that explains an incident in a suburb outside of Washington D.C. in 1989. The book focuses on four Biohazard level 4 viruses: Marburg, Ebola Sudan, Ebola Zaire, and Ebola Reston. In the beginning we are introduced to some background cases, such as Charles Monet and Dr. Shem Musoke. As the book goes on we learn about how a strain of the Ebola virus broke out at a monkey facility, outside of the nation’s capital, in Reston, Virginia. The Army and the C.D.C. worked together to contain the situation and was later known that this form of Ebola was not harmful to humans. The overall theme of the book is never underestimate the power of nature because it is filled with great mystery and
In 1976 the first two Ebola outbreaks were recorded. In Zaire and western Sudan five hundred and fifty people reported the horrible disease. Of the five hundred and fifty reported three hundred and forty innocent people died. Again in 1995 Ebola reportedly broke out in Zaire, this time infecting over two hundred and killing one hundred and sixty. (Bib4, Musilam, 1)
The United States of America had their first case of Ebola in September 30 2014, when a man traveling back from Liberia was diagnosed with the disease in Dallas Texas (CDC 2014). The man did not show symptoms until he reached the United States. He passed away in October 8. Two more cases came up in Dallas; the two health care workers that had treated the first U.S. Ebola patient tested positive for the disease. The last recent case for Ebola in the United States was in New York City; a medical aid worker who had came back from Guinea had tested positive.
In the year 1976, Ebola outbreaks occurred for the first time in rural villages, which are close to tropical forests of Central Africa, but the first ever diagnosed case was reported in the last quarter of the year 2013 in Guinea, which is in close proximity with Liberia and Sierra Leone(Team, 2014). The knowledge of the viral transmission from any animal species to human beings is missing. WHO, an active entity of the UN, is accountable of coordinating international action in any severe disease emergencies like this as WHO has been successful in eliminating disease of high severity like small pox. The question that disturbs us is how did this ailment go horribly out of control? I believe that Ebola has exposed the lack of communication between
Scientists have thoughts about what caused the spread of Ebola, but a solution needs to be found quickly because there’s a high probability for the virus to spread worldwide and become an extensive problem. They know that it has come from the chimpanzees or domestic pigs, so these two animals are probably immune to the virus. The University of Manitoba performed an experiment to find out if pigs were immune to the virus. The first experiment was done with piglets and chimpanzees. The piglets were then placed in a room with four cynomolgus macaques (crab eating monkeys). They were separated by wire cages to ensure that the species don’t engage in direct contact. Within a few days, the piglets showed signs of being infected by Ebola. Nine days later, all the piglets appeared to have recovered from the disease. Although, 2 of the monkeys had still been infected by Ebola and then transferred it to the other monkeys through direct physical contact. The virus travelled between the monkeys, then to the pigs, but the pig’s immune system seemed to be able to fight against and beat the virus. The scientists still need a lot more evidence to stop the spreading of the virus. This experiment created some theories of how Ebola may have been transmitted among the animals and how it could be cured. Ebola is transmitted when an infected organism is touched. Right now there
A virus that is spreading rapidly and taking the lives of those it affects, is threatening West Africa and the people who live there. The virus is Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever; it began in West Africa and has now arrived in United States. It affects people in various ways and has a multitude of symptoms. The virus has a high mortality rate, spreads quickly, and currently has no cure or vaccination. Although the outbreak of Ebola has the nation in turmoil, the virus may be able to be tamed through extensive testing and laboratory work, precautions and containment of the virus, and understanding the history and background of the virus.
The Ebola disease virus is very deadly and causes a lot of sickness. The Ebola disease only infects humans and many