Theoretical Framework Health behavior theories provide guidance to search for factors that contribute to health-related problems. This section will summarize applicable constructs from the health belief model (HBM) and theory of planned behavior (TPB). Literature shows the most successful health promotion programs and initiatives were based on an understanding of health behaviors and the contexts in which they occurred (Glanz & Bishop, 2010). Therefore, according to concepts from these two theories, an individual’s knowledge, perceived risk, and attitude might help predict intentions to adopt or reject a particular health behavior. The ability to effectively predict and explain health-related intentions is important to researchers and professionals concerned with developing interventions to positively change behaviors (McEachan, Conner, Taylor, & Lawton, 2011). The researchers who developed the health belief model sought to understand reasons why people rejected preventative health measures (Carpenter, 2010). Individual elements of this model include perceptions of (a) susceptibility...
DiClemente, R. J., Salazar, L. F., & Crosby, R. A. (2013). Health Behavior Theory for Public Health: Principles, Foundations, and Applications. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning
The seven stages are broken down and explain an individual’s actions towards their health behavior change. The first stage begins with the person being unaware of the issue. The person is does not know that there is a problem with their behavior so they do nothing to change it. In the second stage, the individual is unengaged by the issue. They know their behavior causes health risks or is dangerous, yet they choose not to do anything about it. In stage three, the individual is deciding what the best plan would be if they did chose to act. The person knows about the problem, they are interested in making a change, and they are taking initiative by planning towards their behavior change. Stage four then separates those who are aware of their health risk but they decide not to act. Stage five includes the individuals who do decide to act in their health behavior change. Acting occurs after stage five, and it is taking action to make changes in their lifestyle. Stage six does not include the maintenance because it is completing the first step towards the health behavior change. Stage seven is the end of the precaution adoption process model. It is the maintenance of the actions taken towards the health behavior change. The precaution adoption process model is a very detailed theory about how individuals process the ways to make a behavior change. It helps determine where they are mentally, and also what they are willing to do to lower their health
The unforgettable story of vaccines is a story of triumph and controversy. The saddest part of the story is persistent ignorance and a lack of education, comingled with the personal need of some parents to explain away the problems of their children, have caused the controversy to arise. The good news is that the triumphant reality of vaccines as a whole is still the larger enduring legacy. The human papillomavirus vaccine is not an exception to this rule; in fact despite all the controversy surrounding the vaccine, it is one of medicine’s greatest lifesaving gifts to us.
A of his current state of health and lifestyle behaviours (Harris, Nutbeam, Wise, 2004). For example, the model explores 6 behavioural stages; pre-contemplation, contemplation, determination, action, maintenance and termination. These stages focus on the individual’s experience, behavioural changes and processes as opposed to an event which has determined a behaviour change. Evidently, the transtheoretical model determines that Mr. A is at the pre-contemplation stage (Prochaska & Velicer, 1997). Due to Mr. A experiencing this stage, he is not planning change to his current lifestyle choices. Although Mr. A is not planning changes in the foreseeable future, the transtheoretical model in conjunction with an education campaign can inform Mr. A about different behavioural stages that he may experience. However, understanding this behaviour change model of health cannot determine why Mr. A’s his current lifestyle and behaviour (Prochaska & Velicer, 1997). Fortunately, inclusion of maslow’s hierarchy of needs psychology theory (Donovan, Egger, Spark, 2005) used in conjunction with the transtheoretical model of health, can identify barriers that are stopping Mr A from actively using information from health education campaigns to change his behaviour (Harris, Nutbeam, Wise,
There are numerous of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that are spread across the United States yearly. According to the Office on Women’s Health, In the United States about 19 million new infections are occurred each year that affects men and women of all backgrounds and economic levels. Though there’s a number of many different STIs, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a most common STI that can develop into 40 different types which can affect the genital area of men and women (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). Mandating the HPV vaccine for the chance of eliminating cervical cancer is a great idea, however it is not sufficient enough to be positioned as a necessity that would violate individuals’ autonomy as well as penetrating the cost of the vaccination on individuals. Ethics in vaccines can be very delicate being that it often violates one right and/or interfere with philosophical/religious beliefs. There’s has been great controversy in regards to mandating the HPV vaccine and in the midst presenting ethical concerns.
While everyone has their own rights to their bodies and the bodies of their children, that does not mean that what they think is best for themselves or their children is best for the rest of the population they come into contact with. The majority of people associate vaccinations to babies and children under a certain age, but young adults and elders fall into the category of needing vaccinations. There is currently no federal law requiring adults or children to be vaccinated. Many positives come out of vaccinations to not only the individual, but also to the people they come in contact with. Currently there is an ongoing debate on whether or not vaccinations are safe and if they cause certain disorders in children. The risk of not getting
Aim of this paper is to examine and present the application of social cognition models in the prediction and alternation of health behavior. Social cognition models are used in health practices in order to prevent illness or even improve the health state of the individuals in interest, and protect their possibly current healthy state. This essay is an evaluation of the social cognition models when used to health behaviors. Unfortunately it is impossible to discuss extensively all the models and for this reason we will analyze three of the most representative cognitive models to present an integrated idea of their application.
The health behavior theories are designed to understand habits of human actions in which enable health professionals to focus on assessing means to promote positive behavioral changes (Glanz, Rimer, & Viswanath, 2015). The ability to understand certain factors in human behavior, such as how they think, where they live, what they need, and why people do what they do are all the necessary information to consider when desiring to improve behavior health. The absence of behavior theories across intervention studies will not be able to explain many of the actions of people, which will defer ceasing an epidemic of diseases like HIV. Therefore, Health Belief Model (HBM) and Transtheoretical Model (TTM) are constructed to address health behavioral changes and the level
Many health behaviours are supported by religions or state laws in positive and negative ways. But also ethnic and social-economical status can lead to health inequalities. Low educational attainment and low availability of healthy food choices reducing the perceived threat of disease and discourage from positive health behaviours. However, individual 's personal differences must not be overseen. Biological and psychological differences interplay with sociocultural factors and create human health behaviours. The study of health psychology can help to make those connections and play a key role in creating health promoting programmes that equally educate people about benefits of adoption specific health behaviours and raise awareness of susceptibility. Hopefully, this will lead to a reduction of negative attitudes and barriers towards positive health behaviours, that more people, from every sociocultural background adapt positive health behaviours in the
The Health Belief Model (HBM) is the most widely used theory in health behavior applications, including health education and health promotion. The model is based on the principle that individuals are more probable to participate in a health-related action, if the person believes that he/she can prevent an unfavorable health ailment by completing such an action. HBM hypothesizes that in order to design a successful educational intervention program, the person’s perceived susceptibility, perceived severity of the illness and its ramifications; perceived benefits in taking particular measures to lower risk; perceived barriers, and cues to action are required. In it’s most general sense, the model suggests that the essential human necessities, outlooks, and reasoning practices must be recognized and comprehended before planners can develop an effective intervention program. The HBM is constructed in a manner that is easily followed and its components are easily relatable to chronic diseases such as anorexia nervosa (AN). The HBM is a predictor of preventative health; our program’s main goal is the prevention of AN, and the reduction of susceptibility in adolescents. The planners of “NO body is perfect, but EVERY body is beautiful” has applied the Health Belief Model to the anorexia prevention program because of its significant influence of the acknowledgment that prevention requires individuals to take action in the lack of sickness. Several elements of the HBM can be used in guiding the development of intervention activities in the health promotion program.
The Health Belief Model is “the oldest of the individual behavioral theories, and most widely used in public health” (Edberg, 2007, developed by Godfrey Hochbaum, Irwin Rosenstock, and Stephen Kegels (Edberg, 2007). This model is built to determine an individual’s behavior based on six different criteria or constructs: “perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits of an action, perceived barriers to
Behavior is an important keyword when discussing health promotion theories because lifestyle modification requires a change in beliefs and attitude. Many health promotion theories explain how behavior can enhance or deter a patients progress in health related activities. Nola Pender, a nursing theorist and educator, has developed the Health Promotion Model (HPM). The three main parts of the HPM ar...
The key concept of the health belief model includes threat perception (perceived threat), behavioral evaluation, self-efficacy and other variables. The threat perception has very great relevance in health-related behaviors. This perception are measured by perceived susceptibility (the beliefs about the likelihood of contacting a disease) and perceived severity (the feeling about the seriousness of contacting an illness and leaving it untreated). The behavioral evaluation is assessed by the levels of perceived benefits (the positive effects to be expected), perceived barriers (potential negative aspects of a health behavior), and cues to action (the strategies to activated one’s readiness). The self-efficacy key concept was not originally included in of the health belief model, and it was just added in 1998 to look at a person’s belief in his/her ability to take action in order to make a health related change. The other variables that are also the key concepts of the model include diverse demography, sociopsychology, education, and structure. These factors are variable from one to another and indirectly influence an individual’s health-related behavior because the factors influence the perception...
Maibach, E. & Murphy, D.A. (1995). Self-efficacy in Health Promotion Research and Practice: Conceptualization and Measurement. Health Education Research, 10 (1), pp. 37-50.
Accomplishing my task appeared straightforward when applying my attitudes, perceived control, and subjective norms to the Theory of Planned Behavior; initially I had all necessary aspects to initiate a lifestyle change. Before starting my regiment I had the belief that regular running leads to decreased weight and improves overall health. Health and appropriate body size are both characteristics I evaluate as desirable. Subjective cultural norms highlighting the value of appropriate weight, active lifestyle, and overall health influenced my motivation to comply to these standards. In this way beliefs as well as evaluations of the beliefs influenced my motivation to start running. Additionally my perception of behavioral control and sense of self-efficacy are generally high. Since I accomplished similar goals in the past I felt it could be done again. My attitudes, subjective norms, and my perceived control indicate I had the behavioral intention to make the change to run more frequently.