TO DO:
1. Complete In-text citations and revise for correctness
2. Complete Conclusion
3. Revise Introduction to insure use of Attention Getter, Background, Thesis, and Preview of Main Points
4.Complete Works-Cited Page
5. Revise complete paper to check for Awkwardness, Spelling, and Grammar
6. Determine if MLA is to be used or APA
7. Check for plagiarism
President Mugabe of Zimbabwe
A lot of African countries experience corruption and such especially in regards to their government. There is one particular person that embodies all that is unethical and wrong. That person happens to be the president of Zimbabwe, otherly known as Robert Mugabe. Given Zimbabwe’s independence in 1980, Mugabe emerged a leader that could push his country in the right direction. He was thought of as a good leader with his and his party’s views “[opposing] all forms of racial oppression, and we are committed to the principles of human dignity and equality;” (Article 13). All of the good Mugabe was preaching and spreading throughout his country blinded the peaceful citizens to his much darker side, or agenda. It started with praise from the reconstruction of his torn country given the decolonisation but slowly but surely headed towards a dictatorship. As what comes with new leadership follows with opposition, mostly being political.
What came first, was a private militia commanded only by Mugabe himself. According to (Author Name), “[Paraphrase] A North-Korean trained private militia under Mugabe’s control went out to combat military insurgency in the Midlands and Matabeleland provinces in an operation named Gukurahundi which followed a 5-year war that killed thousands of civilians in what Mugabe described as a “moment ...
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..., contradicting self again)
12https://www.newsday.co.zw/2012/04/05/2012-04-05-mugabe-sparks-fears-of-another-bloodbath/(Repeat of 2008 elections without reform, etc)
13https://www.newsday.co.zw/2014/04/18/independence-34-time-deconstruct-mugabe-legend/ (34 years of deconstructment of Mugabe’s leadership)
14https://www.newsday.co.zw/2011/11/10/2011-11-10-white-farmers-under-siege/ (White farmers)
15https://www.newsday.co.zw/2014/04/23/military-wields-influence-mugabe-succession-matrix/ (military under control of next leader, Zanu too much influence)
16https://www.newsday.co.zw/2012/12/19/farmer-awaits-eviction/ (White farmer trial) w/ Article 3
17 http://www.tradingeconomics.com/zimbabwe/rural-population-wb-data.html (population statistics)
18http://dailycurrant.com/2013/02/02/zimbabwes-mugabe-pledges-ban-color-white/ (Banning color white)
Throughout the twentieth century, Rhodesia from 1960’s to the late 1970’s have always been in a struggle to fight for their independence. They had to deal with the British colonist that settled into their land and had taken over control of the country for the past couple of years. Due to the decolonisation of African countries after the second world war it gave many influences and reasons for Rhodesia to search to become an independent country. That all changed when they fully receive their independence in 1980 and during that time they fought for the control of their country, Rhodesia. The name was later changed to Zimbabwe due to a revolutionary struggle they had in their country. The battle to govern Rhodesia and also by the agreement of the Internal Settlement between the fighting forces to find and create peace
There has been a continuous debate in this forum on Mugabe and the crisis in Zimbabwe. Mugabe’s legacy and the independence movement in Africa are symbolic of a continent’s defiance to western dictations and imposed standards of measure. To understand Mugabe’s present antagonism with the west it is important to trace its roots into the wars of liberation and Mugabe’s rise to power. The ZANU-PF party that led Zimbabwe into independence was built on a platform of liberation against white domination and economic empowerment of the masses. Their ideology was tied to socialism. Fighting against a minority white led government and threatening foreign interest alienated Bob from the central and conservative western political-aristocracy into closer ties with the Kremlin and Cuba. His stance against the power sharing arrangements under the March 3rd 1978 agreement in Governor’s Lodge in Salisbury endeared him to more nationalist heroes and intensified nationalist campaigns for total liberation.
Adolf Hitler was born on April 20th of 1889 in Austria. As a child he played “Cowboys and Indians” which had a huge influence in war since it is a game that imitates the supposed behavior of cowboys and Indians in a conflict, as in shooting, chasing, and capturing. He had found a book of the Franco-Prussian War and he had become very interested in war-related material.
When Adolf Hitler seized Germany in order to consummate his reign to ultimate superiority, atrocity ensued, but sacrifices are foreordained when power is within one’s reach. Hitler, an economic and political genius, is incomparable to all other leaders of Germany because he was one-of-a-kind, and no other leader will ever achieve the level of success that Adolf Hitler worked so diligently to acquire. With his determination for a powerful new Reich, he was seemingly unstoppable. To be in Hitler’s presence while he was giving a speech was like no other experience. He is easily one of the greatest orators in the history of humanity, and this gift is what helped spread his beliefs to the hopeful people of Germany.
Polzl gave birth to two boys and a girl all of whom died. On April 20th
Africa has long been a nation of conflict and strife. Certain countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) have a prolonged history of corrupt leaders, violence and lack of resources. These conflicts often can lead to spill over and create wars in their neighboring countries. When a weak state has internal conflict it often spreads to surrounding weak states as it did with many of the countries in central Africa. This type of crisis will often involve the entire world in a variety of capacities such as militaries, foreign aid and the global economy. Congo especially has proved to create problems that continue to persist in the modern world and much of that is due to leadership of Motubu Sese Seko. “The conflict [in Congo] produced tremendous carnage: as many as 3.8 million dead and many more injured or displaced. Both phrases of the war (1996-97 and 1998-2002) involved domestic militias, a massive foreign invasion, and shifting alliances – with Angola, Rwanda, Uganda and Zimbabwe playing major roles. Even though the was has officially ended, peace remains elusive”(Atzili 2007 pg 141). One player’s internal conflicts spread through an entire continent and affected the whole world and caused enormous damage. All countries need to strive to maintain strong institutions to be a good global citizen and one of the keys to this is leadership.
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, born on July 18, 1918 at the Mvesto in Transkei, South Africa, was a civil right activist, world leader and a writer. He became very involved in the anti-apartheid movement (“Nelson Mandela Biography”). Apartheid is a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race. Mandela is best known for becoming the first black president of South Africa from 1994 until 1999 (“Nelson Mandela Biography”). Nelson Mandela had a very positive influence, not only on his homeland country of South Africa, but also around the whole entire world.
“Zimbabwe: Journalist describes his "illegal" detention.” BBC Monitoring International Reports. 6 February 2002. 1 April 2003 <http://web1.infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/268/613/35524752w1/purl=rc1_ITOF_0_A85327330&dyn=8!xrn_13_0_A85327330?sw_aep=viva_jmu>.
For this assignment I chose to write about Jomo Kenyatta. After reading chapters three and four of Khapoya’s book, it was hard to imagine an Africa that wasn’t under colonial rule. I can only comprehend on a very basic level the impact colonialism had on the Africans economically, physically, and mentally. It is inspiring to read further and discover the immense, calculated, and passionate efforts that many Pan African leaders played in the years that followed. I found Jomo Kenyatta to be particularly interesting. For many reasons, Kenyatta is considered one of the most significant leaders of the Pan African movement in the twentieth century. Kenyatta had a clear vision of what he wanted for Kenya (or Africa as a whole), he was prepared for the path he would have to take, and he accomplished much for the country and continent as a whole.
Political greed, the greatest challenge to Africa’s democracy Uganda inclusive is political greed. Presidents in some African countries want to rule for life and extend the patronage to their family members. This greed has led to manipulation of parliaments, constitutions for example according to Uganda’s constitution of 1995; the president had only 3 terms of office. However when Uganda’s president term expired in 2005, he bribed members of parliament with 5millions Uganda shillings to scrap off presidential term limits without holding a referendum and it succeeded. This was a great blow to Uganda’s democracy and contempt of the
Saddam Hussein Saddam Hussein, an Iraqi political leader, was born to a poor Arab family on April 28, 1937. Hussein studied law in Egypt after his attempt to assassinate the premier of Iraq, Abdul Karim Kassem, in 1959. In the summer of 1968, the Baath party returned to power and named Hussein as deputy chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council. Hussein has been described by many as the most powerful person in Iraq because of his intimidation of enemies, careful control of his political power, and his military purges. Saddam finally gained control of the Iraq presidency in 1979. His many goals as President included attempting to increase industrial production, reorganizing government policies in agriculture, and improving education and the status of women. Hussein first began a successful development program of Iraq’s huge petroleum resources. However, this development and economic and social advances were at risk when Iraq went to war with Iran from 1980 to 1988. Hussein started this war to control Arab-inhabited areas and especially for oil resources. Hussein is also known as a ruthless leader who used chemical weapons on Kurdish people seeking freedom in the 1980’s. In August, 1990, Hussein invaded and annexed Kuwait for violating oil production laws set by the Organization of Petroleum Exports Countries(OPEC). (Kuwait had lowered the price of oil.) The Iraqi forces killed many Kuwaiti people and stole or destroyed much property. Hussein apparently wanted to use Kuwait’s vast oil resources to help Iraq’s economy. Many people believed that Iraq would next invade neighboring countries such as Saudi Arabia. Some of the countries that opposed Iraq’s invasion and that sent forces to this region were the United States, Canada, and several Arab and Western European nations. These countries formed an allied military coalition that caused a worldwide embargo against Iraq. The United Nations Security Council condemned Iraq’s occupation and approved the use of military force on Iraq if their troops did not withdraw from Kuwait by January 15, 1991. Hussein ignored this demand and refused to withdraw. The consequence of this decision was to go to war. On January 16, 1991, the allies bombed military targets in Iraq and Kuwait. Iraq, in return, launched missiles against Saudi Arabia and Israel. The U.S.-led military coalition drove Iraq’s armies out of Kuwait. This war, called the Persian Gulf War, lasted only six weeks. On April 11, 1991, the U.N.
Activist, lawyer, father, prisoner, survivor, president, the face of equality. Nelson Mandela has an inspiring story of fighting Apartheid forces and surviving a long prison sentence all in the name of freedom and equal rights. Through Nelson Mandela’s constant fight for freedom of the African people from white apartheid forces, he was dominated by the corrupt government. After uprising numerous riots against apartheid forces, Mandela was sent to jail for twenty-seven years revealing the cruelty that humans can possess. With the strong will power and complete support of the African people, Mandela survived his prison sentence and became the first democratically elected president of South Africa exposing the strength in human nature by showing that humans can persevere through tough times. Mandela left a profound impact on the African people by saving them from corrupt Apartheid rule and bringing a democratic government. Thus teaching the world that in an event where a body of people is suppressed, they will inevitably rebel by any means necessary to gain their freedom.
• how the introduction introduces the topic and offers a clear forecast of the essay's thesis (the author's position and stated reasons)
On the eastern coast of Africa lies a land full of sunny blue skies and large plains in which zebras and elephants roam. This land is the country of Kenya. Outside of Kenya’s cities and towns lies many samples of natures beauty. Unfortunately, the people living in this land are troubled by their struggle with the government and trying to form a democracy. Matthew Carotenuto stated, “Much of the world had historically viewed Kenya as an island of peace and economic potential in a roiling sea of stateless chaos.” What he means is that people have long seen Kenya as a peaceful place that is surrounded by countries suffering from all sorts of violence and unfortunate circumstances. What many people do not know is that Kenya has a long history for political violence going way back to when the country was colonized. Understanding that Kenya’s past violence was due to their struggle for social and political authority helps us understand some of their violence issues today. According to Maina Kiai, violence broke out after Kenya’s 2007 election. Many people had thought that Kenya was a more peaceful country compared to others in Africa because they were working towards a democracy. Currently Kenya is a republic (“Kenya” The World...). Another thing Kiai mentioned is that one of Kenya’s major political problems is that Kenya's constitution gives the president full power to elect anyone he wants into a political position for any salary he chooses. Scott Baldauf and Robert Crilly also explain how Kenya is trying to become a democracy but its political system is weak and allows the president too much power, making the nation a dictatorship in disguise. This leads to many ethical issues within the governments systems. We should care about Ken...
Political greed, the greatest challenge to Africa’s democracy Uganda inclusive is political greed. Presidents in some African countries want to rule for life and extend the patronage to their family members. This greed has led to manipulation of parliaments, constitutions for example according to Uganda’s constitution of 1995; the president had only 3 terms of office. However when Uganda’s president term expired in 2005, he bribed members of parliament with 5millions Uganda shillings to scrap off presidential term limits without holding a referendum and it succeeded. This was a great blow to Uganda’s democracy and contempt of the